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	<title>Tribuna Libre &#187; Cáucaso</title>
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	<description>Revista de Prensa: Tribuna Libre</description>
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		<title>Speech crimes and France</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39787/speech-crimes-and-france/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39787/speech-crimes-and-france/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 21:20:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crímenes de guerra o contra la Humanidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Francia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=39787</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Timothy Garton Ash</strong>, a contributing editor to Opinion, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and professor of European studies at Oxford University. His most recent book is <em>Facts are Subversive: Political Writing from a Decade Without a Name</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 19/01/12):</p>
<p>On Monday, the French Senate is scheduled to debate and possibly vote on a bill that would criminalize denial of the Armenian genocide of 1915, along with any other events recognized as genocide in French law. The bill has passed the lower house of Parliament. The Senate should reject it, in the &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39787/speech-crimes-and-france/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Timothy Garton Ash</strong>, a contributing editor to Opinion, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and professor of European studies at Oxford University. His most recent book is <em>Facts are Subversive: Political Writing from a Decade Without a Name</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 19/01/12):</p>
<p>On Monday, the French Senate is scheduled to debate and possibly vote on a bill that would criminalize denial of the Armenian genocide of 1915, along with any other events recognized as genocide in French law. The bill has passed the lower house of Parliament. The Senate should reject it, in the name of free speech, the freedom of historical inquiry and Article 11 of France&#8217;s pathbreaking 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (&#8220;The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious rights.…&#8221;).</p>
<p>The question is not whether the atrocities committed against the Armenians by the Ottoman Empire were terrible, or whether they should be acknowledged in Turkish and European memory. They were and they should be. The question is: Should it be a crime under the law of France, or other countries, to dispute whether those terrible events constituted a genocide, a term used in international law? And is the French Parliament equipped and entitled to set itself up as a tribunal on world history, handing down verdicts on the past conduct of other nations? The answer: No and no.</p>
<p>The bill also would criminalize &#8220;outrageous minimization&#8221; of the Armenian genocide. As Françoise Chandernagor of the Liberté pour l&#8217;histoire campaign points out, this introduces a concept vague even by the standards of such memory laws. If Turkish estimates of the Armenian dead run at 500,000 and Armenian estimates at 1.5 million, what would count as minimization? 547,000? And should the Turkish prime minister be arrested for such &#8220;minimization&#8221; on his next official visit to France? (The bill envisages a fine of 45,000 euros and up to a year&#8217;s imprisonment.)</p>
<p>Taking a benign view of human nature and French politics, you might say that this is a clumsy attempt to realize a noble intention. That would be naive. There is a remarkable correlation between such proposals in the French Parliament and national elections, in which half a million voters of Armenian origin play a significant part. What happened to the Armenians was recognized as genocide under French law in December 2001, just before presidential and parliamentary elections. A bill similar to this one was passed in the lower house in 2006 (but rejected by the upper) in the run-up to the 2007 elections. And what&#8217;s happening this year? Yes, elections.</p>
<p>Not that all leading politicians of President Nicolas Sarkozy&#8217;s party have supported the bill. Foreign Minister Alain Juppé opposes it. But that&#8217;s because he&#8217;s worried about the implications for France&#8217;s relations with Turkey. The Turkish government&#8217;s reaction has been predictably vehement.</p>
<p>Thus a tragedy that should be the subject for grave commemoration and free historical debate, calmly testing even wayward hypotheses against the evidence, is reduced to an instrument of political manipulation, a politician&#8217;s brickbat.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, Turkish intellectuals who have bravely said that what was done to the Armenians was genocide are liable to be prosecuted in Turkey. What is state-ordained truth in France is state-ordained falsehood in Turkey.</p>
<p>Yet these are increasingly symbolic rather than effective acts. In a country like France, and with rather more difficulty in Turkey, the Internet allows people to find those forbidden views anyway.</p>
<p>So this is but the latest instance of a much wider challenge. What should be the limits and norms of free expression in the Internet age? And who should set them? These are among the questions being addressed in a project called Free Speech Debate (www.freespeechdebate.com) that we have just launched at Oxford University. Among the 10 draft principles we offer for debate, criticism and revision, one is especially relevant to the genocide controversy. It says, &#8220;We allow no taboos in the discussion and dissemination of knowledge.&#8221;</p>
<p>Memory laws like the one proposed in France clearly fail this test, but they are not the only example. In Britain, science writer Simon Singh had to defend a costly libel action because of his criticism of chiropractic claims. The Church of Scientology uses its copyright of the immortal words of L. Ron Hubbard to prevent people seeing the secrets of the Operating Thetan. (Tip: Search for Operation Clambake.) This week, the English-language Wikipedia site was blacked out for 24 hours to protest a proposed U.S. bill, the Stop Online Piracy Act, that, in the current version, would have a disastrous chilling effect on the free, online dissemination of knowledge.</p>
<p>There are also more genuinely difficult cases. Late last year, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity asked the journals Science and Nature to redact details of a study about an easily transmitted form of the H5N1 virus, for fear it could be misused by bioterrorists. And what about AIDS denialism? When endorsed by former South African President Thabo Mbeki, this resulted, it has been estimated, in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people who might otherwise have been properly treated. The &#8220;no taboos&#8221; principle needs to be tested against such hard cases.</p>
<p>France&#8217;s opportunistic, misbegotten bill is not a hard case. It&#8217;s a no-brainer. Next week, let the French Senate give an example to the U.S. Congress in the defense of intellectual freedom.</p>
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		<title>Il est temps de repenser la politique de la Géorgie</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38248/il-est-temps-de-repenser-la-politique-de-la-georgie/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38248/il-est-temps-de-repenser-la-politique-de-la-georgie/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2011 22:06:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=38248</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Bidzina Ivanishvili</strong>, homme d&#8217;affaire et philanthrope géorgien. Traduit de l&#8217;anglais par Delphine Colin (LE MONDE, 11/11/11):</p>
<p>Un homme d&#8217;affaires établi et sans aucune expérience en politique n&#8217;y fait pas ses débuts à la légère. J&#8217;ai fait le choix de créer un mouvement politique en Géorgie car je suis très inquiet de l&#8217;autoritarisme rampant du gouvernement du président Mikheïl Saakashvili. Sa manière de penser et son comportement modelés sur le principe de<em> l&#8217;Etat c&#8217;est moi</em>, déséquilibrent la Géorgie et amoindrissent la capacité de mon pays à se réformer avec succès.</p>
<p>Si la société ne se stabilise pas grâce &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38248/il-est-temps-de-repenser-la-politique-de-la-georgie/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Bidzina Ivanishvili</strong>, homme d&#8217;affaire et philanthrope géorgien. Traduit de l&#8217;anglais par Delphine Colin (LE MONDE, 11/11/11):</p>
<p>Un homme d&#8217;affaires établi et sans aucune expérience en politique n&#8217;y fait pas ses débuts à la légère. J&#8217;ai fait le choix de créer un mouvement politique en Géorgie car je suis très inquiet de l&#8217;autoritarisme rampant du gouvernement du président Mikheïl Saakashvili. Sa manière de penser et son comportement modelés sur le principe de<em> l&#8217;Etat c&#8217;est moi</em>, déséquilibrent la Géorgie et amoindrissent la capacité de mon pays à se réformer avec succès.</p>
<p>Si la société ne se stabilise pas grâce à des contre-pouvoirs, la Géorgie continuera sur la voie de l&#8217;isolement croissant et de l&#8217;appauvrissement. Si le parti majoritaire continue ainsi de s&#8217;accrocher au pouvoir au-delà des élections législatives d&#8217;octobre 2012, puis de l&#8217;élection présidentielle qui aura lieu un an plus tard, les réformes nécessaires ne verront toujours pas le jour et le pays sera ravagé par une instabilité politique et économique accrue. Après vingt ans d&#8217;indépendance agitée, la Géorgie ne peut se permettre une autre révolution.</p>
<p>Je crois fermement que les Géorgiens sont fin prêts pour un vrai débat politique. Nous sommes un peuple qui a la passion du débat et un désir fort de mettre notre pays dans une position prospère. Il est donc humiliant pour nous de voir que les principaux médias de notre pays sont tenus par le gouvernement et que la voie de l&#8217;opposition est étouffée.</p>
<p>De cette situation malsaine est née une culture de l&#8217;irresponsabilité des fonctionnaires gouvernementaux et une certaine opacité dans la conduite des affaires gouvernementales. Corruption et abus de pouvoir en sont les conséquences, et ce au détriment du peuple Géorgien.<br />
Je suis sans cesse saisi par l&#8217;esprit d&#8217;entreprise qui anime les Géorgiens. Nous sommes largement perçus par nos voisins comme étant des hommes et des femmes d&#8217;affaires créatifs et capables.</p>
<p>Malgré les premiers changements positifs dus à la<em> Révolution des Roses</em> de 2003, dont le but était d&#8217;améliorer le monde des affaires et d&#8217;attirer les investissements, le PIB par habitant est dérisoire : 2629 dollars en 2010 alors que l‘Arménie et l&#8217;Ukraine sont devant nous.</p>
<p>En 2008, la Géorgie s&#8217;est embarquée dans une guerre contre la Russie perdue d&#8217;avance, et qui aurait pu être évitée. C&#8217;était une conséquence directe de ce système dysfonctionnel qu&#8217;est celui de la prise de décisions dans un gouvernement où tout le pouvoir est concentré entre les mains de Saakashvili. Nous en payons encore les conséquences aujourd&#8217;hui : perte de 20% de notre territoire et des relations commerciales gelées avec la Russie, alors qu&#8217;elle représentait un marché très important pour nos biens et nos services, tout en étant située juste à notre porte. Ce sombre épisode de notre histoire a également porté préjudice à nos relations avec nos partenaires occidentaux les plus importants qui estiment que la Géorgie a géré de manière irresponsable ses relations avec la Russie.</p>
<p>En bref, le potentiel de la Géorgie est gâché malgré les efforts vigoureux du gouvernement de se promouvoir auprès du monde extérieur comme un pays énergiquement réformiste.  L&#8217;intolérance de Saakashvili envers l&#8217;opposition et son contrôle obsessionnel du pays inhibent notre dynamisme naturel et empêchent les citoyens Géorgiens mécontents de s&#8217;exprimer politiquement, ou même ouvertement dans un jardin public. Cela nous a conduits à vivre dans un climat de peur. La répression brutale de Mikheïl Saakashvili des manifestations anti-gouvernementales en novembre 2007 n&#8217;a pas été oubliée, et c&#8217;est ce qui m&#8217;a d&#8217;abord incité à percevoir de manière plus critique le gouvernement actuel.</p>
<p>Il est impératif que nous trouvions des manières de renforcer l&#8217;opposition et de promouvoir des élections libres et justes afin de permettre aux Géorgiens de faire des choix quant à l&#8217;avenir de leur pays et de rendre leurs dirigeants responsables. Cela requiert des réformes qui permettront aux partis d&#8217;opposition un plus grand accès aux médias nationaux ainsi que des modifications de la loi électorale afin de la rendre plus juste.</p>
<p>La réponse des autorités géorgiennes à l&#8217;annonce de mon entrée dans la vie politique a été totalement prédictive et trahit leur nervosité extrême quant à leur faculté à contrôler les évènements. Cinq jours plus tard, Mikheïl Saakashvili m&#8217;a retiré de manière unilatérale la citoyenneté géorgienne afin de m&#8217;empêcher de me présenter aux législatives. Je possède également les nationalités française et russe et j&#8217;ai proposé de renoncer aux deux. Il n&#8217;y avait aucune justification légale aux ordres de Mikheïl Saakashvili.</p>
<p>Le jour suivant, les autorités arrêtèrent un fourgon blindé avec de grosses sommes d&#8217;argent à l&#8217;intérieur, alors que celui-ci faisait sa livraison habituelle à Cartu Bank, banque que je possède. Puis ils ouvrirent une enquête criminelle sur la base de blanchiment d&#8217;argent. Comme on pouvait s&#8217;y attendre, ma banque est maintenant l&#8217;objet d&#8217;un audit de la part de la Banque centrale et des services de sécurité.</p>
<p>Au même moment, une campagne de harcèlement est en cours avec l&#8217;arrestation de certains amis de mes parents ainsi que de proches de mes employés. De manière prévisible, les médias contrôlés par le gouvernement ont commencé à m&#8217;attaquer sous le prétexte que j&#8217;ai des intérêts en Russie bien que j&#8217;ai quitté cette dernière il y a plus de neuf ans. Je me suis engagé à vendre tous mes intérêts commerciaux restants en Russie avant l&#8217;élection législative de 2012.</p>
<p>En réagissant de manière aussi exagérée, le gouvernement géorgien a encore fait un mauvais calcul et montré son vrai visage. Selon moi, c&#8217;est le signe que le parti au pouvoir sait que son contrôle des sièges au Parlement ne reflète en aucun cas le soutien véritable de la population.</p>
<p>Alors que mes frustrations ont augmenté avec la situation générée par la Révolution de 2003, j&#8217;ai pensé quitter le pays. J&#8217;ai décidé de rester car j&#8217;ai eu le sentiment qu&#8217;il était de mon devoir d&#8217;aider à ce que la Géorgie se retrouve sur la bonne voie. Les événements faisant suite à mon annonce ont confirmé la justesse de ma décision. En tant que Géorgien, je n&#8217;ai pas d&#8217;autre choix que de mon joindre à notre lutte pour un futur meilleur et plus libre.</p>
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		<title>Too much patience risks renewed violence in Georgia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36784/too-much-patience-risks-renewed-violence-in-georgia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36784/too-much-patience-risks-renewed-violence-in-georgia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 2011 19:02:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=36784</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>David L. Phillips</strong>, director of the Program on Peace-Building and Rights at Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights and a fellow at Harvard University’s Project on the Future of Diplomacy (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 02/09/11):</p>
<p>Georgian President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> accuses <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> of staging violent attacks across the administrative boundary lines (ABLs) of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Despite a cease-fire agreement that ended the 2008 <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> war, relations are tense &#8211; and getting worse. Renewed violence could risk the “reset” in U.S.-Russian relations, undermining cooperation that is critical to preventing proliferation by <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/islamic-republic-of-iran/">Iran</a> and in &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36784/too-much-patience-risks-renewed-violence-in-georgia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>David L. Phillips</strong>, director of the Program on Peace-Building and Rights at Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights and a fellow at Harvard University’s Project on the Future of Diplomacy (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 02/09/11):</p>
<p>Georgian President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> accuses <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> of staging violent attacks across the administrative boundary lines (ABLs) of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Despite a cease-fire agreement that ended the 2008 <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> war, relations are tense &#8211; and getting worse. Renewed violence could risk the “reset” in U.S.-Russian relations, undermining cooperation that is critical to preventing proliferation by <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/islamic-republic-of-iran/">Iran</a> and in hot spots such as <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/libya/">Libya</a>.</p>
<p>On Aug. 7, 2008, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s 58th Battalion stormed into South Ossetia, and Russian warplanes hit targets across <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>. Russian troops halted their offensive just 25 miles from Tbilisi. Despite the six-point cease-fire agreement that ended hostilities, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> has pursued policies aimed at weakening <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> and getting rid of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mr. Saakashvili</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> occupied additional territories in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>, such as Akhalgori and the Kodori Gorge, and illegally established buffer zones around South Ossetia. It blocked the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/organization-for-security-and-cooperation-in-europ/">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> from South Ossetia, vetoed the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/united-nations/">United Nations</a> observer mission in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> from working in Abkhazia and obstructs the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/european-union/">European Union</a> monitoring mission from entering the conflict zones. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> restricts access for humanitarian and human rights monitors. After recognizing Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> signed 49-year lease agreements and deployed 10,000 troops, attack helicopters, tanks and offensive rockets where they had not been before the war.</p>
<p>Why should the United States be concerned? <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> is a friend and ally. The United States provided more than $1 billion in foreign aid after the war. The 2009 U.S.-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership enshrines cooperation. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> contributes 1,000 troops to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> operations in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>’s location makes it a vital trans-Eurasian energy-transit country, enhancing energy supplies to the West. Left unchecked, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s neo-imperialist tendencies could destabilize the South Caucasus, swallow <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> and undermine energy security for the West.</p>
<p>The top priority is to prevent renewed conflict. The <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/barack-obama/">Obama administration</a> should urge <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> to withdraw its forces from occupied territories in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>. It also should demand greater transparency of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s military activities in the conflict zones and expanded access by European monitors.</p>
<p>In addition, the United States and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/european-union/">EU</a> should work with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> to adopt a carrot-and-stick strategy aimed at getting <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> to change its calculus. This would involve economic incentives, confidence-building and weaning Abkhazis and South Ossetians from Russian control through mutually beneficial commercial contacts with Georgians.</p>
<p>The United States should promote <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s membership in the World Trade Organization this year. If <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> is more accommodating in the South Caucasus, the U.S. can influence private equity markets that are critical to sustaining <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s economic development and privatization plans that offset budget shortfalls.</p>
<p>Discussion is better than provocation. The Geneva talks are a difficult but necessary forum for interaction between Russian and Georgian officials. They will not result in a peace settlement but can serve as a useful forum to prevent an incident from spiraling out of control.</p>
<p>Confidence also can be restored through a Declaration of Principles on the Non-Use of Force, signed by <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> and the de facto authorities in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Because the declaration is not a treaty between sovereigns, it would not imply recognition by <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> of the runaway republics. The declaration would bolster <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>’s demand that Russian troops withdraw. It also would show that <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> is serious about engagement.</p>
<p>Engagement and nonrecognition are not mutually exclusive. Facilitating travel would facilitate people-to-people contacts. Restoration of tea and citrus agro-industries across the ABLs can establish a web of shared interests. Black Sea tourism and the 2014 Sochi Olympics also represent opportunities for commercial cooperation. Restrictions on international air and sea connections to Abkhazia, especially ferry links to Turkey, should be relaxed. Humanitarian, health care and educational exchanges can be expanded.</p>
<p>While pressing the “reset” button has enabled the United States and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> to work more effectively together, underlying tensions still exist. Some Russians see the U.S. in competitive terms. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s official military doctrine still designates <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> as <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s prime external threat, thereby justifying military spending and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s strategic nuclear force. The <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/barack-obama/">Obama administration</a> recognizes that <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> has special interests in the former Soviet space but not the notion that <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> has a sphere of influence.</p>
<p>Fully implementing the six-point cease-fire agreement between <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> is the best way to safeguard peace and stability in the South Caucasus. Strategic patience is one way to keep conditions from worsening. However, problems will fester unless the United States is more proactive in addressing their root causes.</p>
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		<title>A Counterproductive Disdain</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36756/a-counterproductive-disdain/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36756/a-counterproductive-disdain/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 09:00:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Abjasia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Procesos electorales]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=36756</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Alexander Cooley</strong>, Tow Professor of Political Science at Barnard College, Columbia University and <strong>Lincoln Mitchell</strong>, an associate research scholar at Columbia University’s Harriman Institute. They are coauthors of <em>After the August War: A New Strategy for U.S. Engagement with Georgia</em> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 01/09/11):</p>
<p>Last Friday, voters in the Georgian breakaway territory of Abkhazia went to the polls in a presidential election that was broadly ignored by the United States and its European allies.</p>
<p>There were no international observers, no stern warnings to Abkhaz leaders about the rule of law, no Western congratulations to the winner &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36756/a-counterproductive-disdain/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Alexander Cooley</strong>, Tow Professor of Political Science at Barnard College, Columbia University and <strong>Lincoln Mitchell</strong>, an associate research scholar at Columbia University’s Harriman Institute. They are coauthors of <em>After the August War: A New Strategy for U.S. Engagement with Georgia</em> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 01/09/11):</p>
<p>Last Friday, voters in the Georgian breakaway territory of Abkhazia went to the polls in a presidential election that was broadly ignored by the United States and its European allies.</p>
<p>There were no international observers, no stern warnings to Abkhaz leaders about the rule of law, no Western congratulations to the winner — Alexander Ankvab, who had been acting president since Sergei Bagapsh, the twice-elected Abkhaz president, died suddenly in May.</p>
<p>In fact, many Western organizations, urged by Tbilisi, condemned the polling. Catherine Ashton, the European Union foreign policy chief, said the E.U. “does not recognize the constitutional and legal framework within which these elections have taken place,” while NATO declared that the alliance “does not recognize the elections.”</p>
<p>The main reason for these reactions is that while the people of Abkhazia view themselves as an independent state, the world’s governments, with only a very few exceptions, consider the territory as an integral part of Georgia. Only a few weeks ago the U.S. Senate passed a resolution describing Abkhazia as “occupied” by Russia.</p>
<p>Still, condemning political processes in the breakaway territory damages Western credibility and influence in the South Caucasus in a number of ways.</p>
<p>First, by the standards of the South Caucasus, the elections seemed reasonably competitive. Ankvab, with 54 percent of the vote, bested two other candidates — the former prime minister and one-time Moscow favorite Raoul Kadjimba and the current prime minister, Sergei Shamba.</p>
<p>Though the election was probably far from perfect, all three candidates openly courted voters during the campaign and all were granted equal time by state television. The same cannot be said of national elections in Georgia, which is regarded by Western governments as a model democracy that Abkhazia should aspire to join, which for years now has been dominated by the United National Movement of President Mikheil Saakashvili.</p>
<p>Second, there was little evidence to suggest that Moscow predetermined the Abkhazia result. Yet the West’s open hostility to the polling unintentionally reinforced Russia’s growing influence.</p>
<p>Since recognizing Abkhazia’s independence in 2008, after the brief Georgia-Russia war, Russia has effectively taken over a number of Abkhazia’s critical functions and economic sectors under the mantra of pursuing “bilateral cooperation.”</p>
<p>Rather than push the Abkhaz government and public to accept reintegration into Georgia, the West’s policy of isolation has driven Sukhumi even further into Russia’s embrace and reinforced the local notion that the West acts as a proxy for Georgia.</p>
<p>Third, by showing no interest in this election, the West further entrenches the counterproductive position that nothing that happens in Abkhazia, or even the views of the people there, have any bearing on any potential resolution to the conflict.</p>
<p>Right after the election, NATO Secretary General Anders Rasmussen said that “the holding of such elections does not contribute to a peaceful and lasting settlement of the situation in Georgia.”</p>
<p>Yet by openly dismissing Abkhazia’s democratic aspirations and blindly supporting Tbilisi’s hard-line isolationism, the West denies itself the very levers of influence that could be wielded to nudge the Abkhaz leadership on status issues and related negotiations.</p>
<p>The Western position to not recognize Abkhaz independence is the right one. But the policy of isolating Sukhumi has been uncreative, inconsistent and counterproductive.</p>
<p>The West selectively engages with a number of unrecognized states and disputed territories. It promotes a variety of economic links and projects in the Moldovan breakaway territory of Transnistria, and both the United States and Britain accept passports from residents of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.</p>
<p>In an effort to play a more constructive role in the Caucasus, the E.U. last year adopted a more forward-looking strategy of “non-recognition and engagement” toward Abkhazia intended to promote more contacts. But the strategy remains stalled in E.U. bureaucratic reshuffling and aggressive Georgian lobbying.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the West’s stance has no immediate consequences for the newly elected Abkhaz president, who must somehow bolster Abkhazia’s weak economy, court investors to upgrade its decimated infrastructure and carefully navigate its dependence on Russia.</p>
<p>But it does keep the West marginalized in that part of the Caucasus precisely at a time when Washington and Brussels should be promoting alternatives to the all-too-familiar system of great-power clientele-ism and competition.</p>
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		<title>Republic of Georgia desperate for reform</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36080/republic-of-georgia-desperate-for-reform/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36080/republic-of-georgia-desperate-for-reform/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 2011 21:50:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=36080</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Irakli Alasania</strong>, former U.N. ambassador for the Republic of Georgia who heads an opposition party, the Free Democrats (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 05/08/11):</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/republic-of-georgia/">Republic of Georgia</a> in the Caucasus is on the cusp of change. Beyond street protests, there is a deep polarization in society that bespeaks an unrest that will not be stopped until the government changes and democratic reforms finally are introduced.</p>
<p>I know this government and its shortcomings firsthand. I served for two years as its ambassador to the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/united-nations/">United Nations</a>. I resigned in late 2008 because I disagreed with the erratic, unilateral decision-making &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/36080/republic-of-georgia-desperate-for-reform/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Irakli Alasania</strong>, former U.N. ambassador for the Republic of Georgia who heads an opposition party, the Free Democrats (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 05/08/11):</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/republic-of-georgia/">Republic of Georgia</a> in the Caucasus is on the cusp of change. Beyond street protests, there is a deep polarization in society that bespeaks an unrest that will not be stopped until the government changes and democratic reforms finally are introduced.</p>
<p>I know this government and its shortcomings firsthand. I served for two years as its ambassador to the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/united-nations/">United Nations</a>. I resigned in late 2008 because I disagreed with the erratic, unilateral decision-making of President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> and his government.</p>
<p>The government’s inability to tolerate alternative views led my country into an armed conflict with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a> that we had no chance of winning. But wrongheaded decisions keep rolling on. Journalists are protesting the arrest of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mr. Saakashvili</a>’s official photographer on charges of espionage after he documented police brutality. This follows the killing of four protesters in late May.</p>
<p>The solution to these mindless crackdowns is twofold. First, there must be a better mechanism for political competition and the peaceful transfer of power. Without election reform of this kind, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mikheil-saakashvili/">Mr. Saakashvili</a>’s authoritarianism will go unchecked. The Georgian people cannot live with that much longer.</p>
<p>Second, freedom of expression must be protected. In the modern world, people must be heard. Unfortunately, in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>, dissent is barely tolerated, if at all.</p>
<p>Georgians know democracy and freedom exist in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> in name only. They are disappointed and, in many ways, surprised, given the country’s recent history. The world still remembers with awe the Rose Revolution of 2003, when former President Eduard Shevardnadze was swept from power over outrage against massive electoral fraud. Surely a more open society would be the inevitable result.</p>
<p>Not so. Too little has been done to fix <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>’s broken democracy in the ensuing eight years. The public still needs greater faith in official voter lists. The principle of one person, one vote is undermined by voter lists subject to manipulation and an unfair system that rewards the party in power with more seats than it wins at the polls. In addition, the government must be stopped from spending money freely to retain its stranglehold on power. In effect, the government corruptly buys its influence by using taxpayer resources for its own ends. This must stop.</p>
<p>Despite the efforts of my political party, the Free Democrats, and of five other opposition parties to advance meaningful reforms, the government has taken only a few reluctant steps in the right direction. More needs to be done. Much more.</p>
<p>The dark cloud of censorship must be removed from <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a>’s media. The two highest-rated television stations with national reach run consistently pro-government news. A third, alternative news channel &#8211; Maestro &#8211; has not been granted a national broadcasting license. Cable companies are quietly discouraged from including this channel in their offerings. If the government were serious about media freedom, it would grant Maestro the ability to broadcast nationwide. It also would stop accusing journalists of being spies. An independent Russian journalist who visited <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> recently drew the chilling parallel between the state of press freedom in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> today and the campaign by Vladimir Putin to silence <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/russia/">Russia</a>’s press a decade ago.</p>
<p>These are not simple challenges, to be sure. But a difficult journey begins with a few honest initiatives. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> is unique among former Soviet states because of the ingrained optimism of its people. Like Americans, we all say, “Yes, we can.” But first we must speak frankly about what is wrong in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> today. Only then can we start working in earnest on the remedy.</p>
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		<title>Azerbaijan’s Afghan contribution</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35863/azerbaijan%e2%80%99s-afghan-contribution/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35863/azerbaijan%e2%80%99s-afghan-contribution/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 14:57:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Misiones de Paz]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=35863</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ariel Cohen</strong>, senior research fellow for Russian and Eurasian studies and international energy policy at the Heritage Foundation (heritage.org) and <strong>Robert Nicholson</strong>, a member of the Young Leaders program at Heritage (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 29/07/11):</p>
<p>America has sacrificed a lot fighting the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taliban-movement/">Taliban</a> insurgency in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> &#8211; but we are not alone. The United States and our <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> allies are getting help from places many Americans can’t find on the map.</p>
<p>Late on July 5, an Azerbaijani tanker plane crashed in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> en route to U.S.-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> Bagram Air Base with a load of fuel. The United &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35863/azerbaijan%e2%80%99s-afghan-contribution/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ariel Cohen</strong>, senior research fellow for Russian and Eurasian studies and international energy policy at the Heritage Foundation (heritage.org) and <strong>Robert Nicholson</strong>, a member of the Young Leaders program at Heritage (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 29/07/11):</p>
<p>America has sacrificed a lot fighting the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taliban-movement/">Taliban</a> insurgency in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> &#8211; but we are not alone. The United States and our <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> allies are getting help from places many Americans can’t find on the map.</p>
<p>Late on July 5, an Azerbaijani tanker plane crashed in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> en route to U.S.-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> Bagram Air Base with a load of fuel. The United States and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> should mourn the nine crew members who were killed on board, but this accident also should serve as a reminder of the invaluable contributions and sacrifices this small, predominately Muslim country has made for <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> and American forces when other coalition allies have been pulling out of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>. The supply plane flew from Baku, the capital of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>, which is located in the strategic region of the South Caucasus and the Caspian Sea littoral. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> and its neighbor <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/georgia/">Georgia</a> are important transit countries for U.S. and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> troops and supplies to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> via a network of ports and railroads, which is known as the Northern Distribution Network (NDN).</p>
<p>In a recent visit to Baku, then-Secretary of Defense <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/robert-m-gates/">Robert M. Gates</a> personally thanked the president of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ilham-aliyev/">Ilham Aliyev</a>, for the Azeris’ “part in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, not only in terms of the troops they have there &#8211; and also a civilian presence &#8211; but [by providing] ground transportation and allowing overflights.”</p>
<p>Furthermore, Azeri Foreign Minister <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/elmar-mammadyarov/">Elmar Mammadyarov</a> said recently that <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> is ready to contribute further to stability in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> by doubling the number of servicemen it sent to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> in 2009. This is in addition to humanitarian assistance already sent to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, including doctors and engineers.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen last month stated his appreciation for <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>’s involvement, and the U.S. ambassador to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>, Matthew J. Bryza, also recently has expressed U.S. appreciation of that country’s role in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>: “<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> today is proud to count <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> as a partner. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>’s contributions to security missions &#8211; from Kosovo to Iraq and <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a> &#8211; have been steadfast and professional. … Clearly, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>’s ties to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> enhance security, strengthen democratic values and support the processes of political and military modernization and reform.”</p>
<p>Beyond <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> and the U.S. plan to develop a strategic security partnership. Through cooperation between their respective armed forces, this partnership will become integral in the protection of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a>’s vast energy infrastructure in the Caspian Sea and its ability to transport its oil and gas from the Caspian Sea to Europe while bypassing Russia.</p>
<p>Based on these positive developments, <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> represents one post-Soviet, Muslim state that the United States must continue to support not only because it is a reliable partner in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a>, but also because it is a strategic ally essential for the security of the Caspian’s massive energy supplies and for keeping Iran in check. A stronger American relationship with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> could reduce Europe’s reliance on Russian oil and gas. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> also serves as a model moderate, culturally Islamic secular state that has been active in combating global terrorism.</p>
<p>As much as the recent plane crash is a tragic event for <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/azerbaijan/">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/north-atlantic-treaty-organization-nato/">NATO</a> allies, it is times like these that should make us appreciate the important roles smaller allies have played in America’s efforts to build security in a volatile region of the world.</p>
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		<title>Abkhazia With a Human Face</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35765/abkhazia-with-a-human-face/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35765/abkhazia-with-a-human-face/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Jul 2011 18:38:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Abjasia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=35765</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Victor Erofeyev</strong>, a Russian writer and television host. Translated from the Russian by the International Herald Tribune (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 22/07/11):</p>
<p>The fate of Abkhazia has worried me ever since I first paid a visit here five years ago. A subtropical, citrus-scented paradise with snow-capped mountains, picturesque canyons and warm sea that can compete with the French Riviera, Abkhazia is also — politically speaking — an illegitimate child whose independence is not recognized by anyone except Russia.</p>
<p>Who in the world knows anything about Abkhazia? It can be compared to Kosovo, though perhaps more as an anti-Kosovo. &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35765/abkhazia-with-a-human-face/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Victor Erofeyev</strong>, a Russian writer and television host. Translated from the Russian by the International Herald Tribune (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 22/07/11):</p>
<p>The fate of Abkhazia has worried me ever since I first paid a visit here five years ago. A subtropical, citrus-scented paradise with snow-capped mountains, picturesque canyons and warm sea that can compete with the French Riviera, Abkhazia is also — politically speaking — an illegitimate child whose independence is not recognized by anyone except Russia.</p>
<p>Who in the world knows anything about Abkhazia? It can be compared to Kosovo, though perhaps more as an anti-Kosovo. Just as Russia is unwilling to recognize an independent Kosovo, the West won’t recognize Abkhazia. The 200,000 or so Abkhazians are caught between a rock and a hard place — Russia and Georgia.</p>
<p>Abkhazia is an ancient kingdom that became part of the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. After the collapse of the Soviet Union it found itself part of an independent Georgia. After fighting a war with Georgia in the early 1990s, Abkhazia declared independence. After the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, Russia recognized Abkhazia as a sovereign state and gave it military protection from Georgia. But not even the former Soviet republics, including Belarus, recognized Abkhazia.</p>
<p>Now, visiting again, I have come to understand that this is a country with a human face, not a bandit’s squint. Abkhazia’s problem is that it cannot get the international community to listen to the reasons why it declared independence, or to appreciate the democratic principles of its “illegal” governance.</p>
<p>All Abkhazia’s politicians reject any notion of reuniting with Georgia. They remember the violent “Georgiafication” of the country under Stalin, the arrogance of Tbilisi, the ban on their language. The war with Georgia created thousands of Georgian refugees, a problem that is not resolved and is not likely to be resolved. Abkhazia will not return to Georgian rule under any conditions. So what can be done? Force Abkhazia back into the Georgian fold, or continue the nonrecognition and pretend that the problem doesn’t exist?</p>
<p>Despite the ambiguity of the Kremlin’s role in the Abkhazian-Georgian war, when President Boris Yeltsin hesitated in choosing sides and the former Soviet states ordered a blockade of Abkhazia, Russia eventually took custody of the country, to a certain extent to spite Georgia. The Russian military presence here is highly visible. Walk to the beach and you see Russian naval ships. All international connections are only through Russia.</p>
<p>So what is today’s Abkhazia? A coveted piece of land, that will be gradually swallowed up by Russia, or an independent state that accepted a close alliance with Russia as an emergency measure? In my opinion, it is neither. The people value their independence too highly to be ruled by Russia; nevertheless, they are truly grateful for this guarantee of their independence.</p>
<p>Abkhazia is facing another critical moment. Its president, Sergei Bagapsh, died unexpectedly in Moscow in May. Conspiracy theories abound, and the fact is that it was hard to call Bagapsh a puppet. Relations with Moscow are always complex, and not only for Abkhazia. Chechnya and other north Caucasus hot spots are part of Russia. Shamil Basayev, the infamous Chechen terrorist, did a lot for Abkhazia’s liberation from Georgia — a fact remembered both in Moscow and in Tbilisi.</p>
<p>Presidential elections will be held in Abkhazia on Aug. 26. They promise to be free and fair. I spoke about the prospects for the development of Abkhazia with the acting president, Alexander Ankvab, who might emerge as the next president.</p>
<p>Ankvab does not hide his pro-Russian stance. After the Russia-Georgia war, he finally stopped sleeping with a Kalashnikov under his pillow. Other politicians, like the current prime minister, Sergei Shamba, are also close to Moscow. But pro-Russian sentiments can vary. I believe that Moscow wants a reliable Abkhazian president, not a loose tooth. But the signals from Moscow are very unclear. Abkhazia needs political wisdom and virtuosity to orchestrate policies that keep Russia as an ally, not a threat. Ankvab says it is critical to develop relations with the West and strongly objects to the notion of “cooperation without recognition.” I don’t understand why Europe limits access for Abkhazian students to European universities, where they can absorb Western values. If Abkhazia will never return to Georgia, is it really wise to put brakes on its democratic development, forcing it further into the Russian fold?</p>
<p>Everything should be done to ensure that the Abkhaz people — still in shock from their huge losses in the Georgian war and slowly restoring the country’s vital agricultural base — will not feel like outcasts in the world.</p>
<p>Abkhazia cannot be erased. Its people, with their vitality, humor and religious depth — know that if geopolitics turns against them, it will not be their fault.</p>
<p>Although Georgia has not yet become reconciled to Abkhazia’s independence, the Georgians themselves know all too well how their decision to follow a Western path to development provoked the resistance of their giant northern neighbor. It is a truism of nature and of politics that big fish seek to devour smaller fish, which in turn prey on even smaller fish. Can we not move away from this primitive political Darwinism? Only the gradual movement of Abkhazia toward Europe can facilitate its future rapprochement with Georgia.</p>
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		<title>A Moment for Peace in the South Caucasus</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35435/a-moment-for-peace-in-the-south-caucasus/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35435/a-moment-for-peace-in-the-south-caucasus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 22:56:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto territorial]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=35435</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Sabine Freizer</strong>, Europe program director of the International Crisis Group (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 24/06/11):</p>
<p>The United States, the European Union and Russia don’t seem to agree on  much these days. But in the volatile South Caucasus, they concur that  Armenia and Azerbaijan need to sign an agreement on Friday if they are  serious about finding a peaceful solution to the decades-old  Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.</p>
<p>President Dmitri Medvedev of Russia has invited the Armenian and  Azerbaijani leaders to the city of Kazan on Friday and expects they will  finally put their signatures on a “basic principles” text they have  &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35435/a-moment-for-peace-in-the-south-caucasus/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Sabine Freizer</strong>, Europe program director of the International Crisis Group (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 24/06/11):</p>
<p>The United States, the European Union and Russia don’t seem to agree on  much these days. But in the volatile South Caucasus, they concur that  Armenia and Azerbaijan need to sign an agreement on Friday if they are  serious about finding a peaceful solution to the decades-old  Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.</p>
<p>President Dmitri Medvedev of Russia has invited the Armenian and  Azerbaijani leaders to the city of Kazan on Friday and expects they will  finally put their signatures on a “basic principles” text they have  been wrangling over since 2007. This will be the ninth meeting that  Medvedev hosts with his Caucasian counterparts.</p>
<p>To some, the deal on the table may not seem like much. After all, it  would still only mark the start of a process, not its conclusion. But if  Medvedev can get them to put ink to paper, it will be a rare and  significant step forward in this confrontation and a validation of the  Russian leader’s persistence.</p>
<p>The signs seem promising. In a strongly worded statement issued at the  May G-8 summit meeting in Deauville, France, Presidents Obama, Medvedev  and Nicolas Sarkozy of France, representing the mediators of the “Minsk  Group” charged with settling the dispute, highlighted the Kazan meeting  and demanded no further delay. Indeed, time is running out because this  autumn campaigning will begin in the region and in the Minsk Group  countries for 2012 and 2013 elections, thus complicating matters for  some and driving the issue lower on the priority list for others.</p>
<p>Nagorno-Karabakh has been pushed down the ladder for too long. It has  often been described as a “frozen conflict” ever since a cease-fire deal  was signed 16 years ago leaving Armenian forces in control of the  mountainous territory and surrounding areas, at least 13 percent of  Azerbaijan’s territory. However, shooting across the line has been  killing dozens of people every year. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan have  been trying to outdo each other buying sophisticated weapons — with  Azerbaijan spending as much on arms as Armenia’s total state budget — in  expectation of a major war. Pressure to reverse the status quo by force  is especially increasing in Baku, Azerbaijan’s capital.</p>
<p>A final settlement would allow some 600,000 internally displaced people  to return to their homes and offer a sense of security for the  approximately 150,000 people currently living in Nagorno-Karabakh. It  would put an end to fears of a regional war, in which, because of  existing security accords, Russia could step in on Armenia’s side and  Turkey on Azerbaijan’s, and Iran would be unlikely to stay on the  sidelines. .</p>
<p>It is now up to President Serzh Sargsyan of Armenia and Ilham Aliyev of  Azerbaijan to decide if war or peace is more threatening. They have done  very little to prepare their people for peace and a lot to prepare them  for war. But they could still convince their citizenry of the  advantages of compromise. If a deal is forthcoming in Kazan, they will  need to do a lot to prevent spoilers from surfacing.</p>
<p>The deal on the table includes withdrawal by Armenian forces of most of  the Azerbaijani territory they occupy around Nagorno-Karabakh, the  deployment of international peacekeepers, the establishment of an  Armenian security corridor, return of displaced persons, interim status  for Nagorno-Karabakh, and the promise of a “legally-binding expression  of will” to determine the future status of the territory at the end of  the process.</p>
<p>This is very balanced. But it will take 10 years or more to implement.  Armenians and Azerbaijanis have spent the past two decades building up  reservoirs of hate and don’t trust each other to respect their  commitments. The Armenians want quick implementation to ensure that  Nagorno-Karabakh gets independence, Azerbaijanis are in no rush to let  go of a territory that Aliyev says will remain part of his country as  long as he is president. Even with a deal, the United States, the  European Union and Russia will have much to do after the ink is dry.  They may have to begin the painstaking work of drafting a comprehensive  peace agreement and start physical planning for implementation. The  occupied territories have been destroyed, massive reconstruction will be  needed, as will international peacekeepers. The E.U. especially will  need to quickly provide civilian, military and economic assistance. If  there is no speedy follow up to an agreement in Kazan, and firm  international commitment to support it, the deal risks unraveling.</p>
<p>Or, if the presidents don’t sign, the international actors will have to  start preparing for a renewal of fighting that would be drawn out. With  so much violence already happening in the broader region, this is not an  eventuality that the United States, the E.U. and Russia can afford.</p>
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		<title>El oscuro círculo caucásico</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35161/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35161/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2011 15:46:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=35161</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Andrey Piontkovsky</strong>,  politólogo ruso y miembro visitante del Instituto Hudson en Washington DC (LA VANGUARDIA, 04/06/11):</p>
<p>Recientemente, las autoridades  rusas comenzaron a hacer alarde de  las masivas medidas de seguridad que se están poniendo en marcha cara a  los JJ. OO. de Invierno del 2014 en el complejo de Sochi, en el mar  Negro. Tienen buenos motivos para estar preocupados, y no sólo por la  seguridad de los atletas y los espectadores.</p>
<p>La violencia en el  norte del Cáucaso está dejando de ser un conflicto regional serio para  convertirse cada vez más en una amenaza existencial para toda &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/35161/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Andrey Piontkovsky</strong>,  politólogo ruso y miembro visitante del Instituto Hudson en Washington DC (LA VANGUARDIA, 04/06/11):</p>
<p>Recientemente, las autoridades  rusas comenzaron a hacer alarde de  las masivas medidas de seguridad que se están poniendo en marcha cara a  los JJ. OO. de Invierno del 2014 en el complejo de Sochi, en el mar  Negro. Tienen buenos motivos para estar preocupados, y no sólo por la  seguridad de los atletas y los espectadores.</p>
<p>La violencia en el  norte del Cáucaso está dejando de ser un conflicto regional serio para  convertirse cada vez más en una amenaza existencial para toda la  Federación Rusa &#8211; una evolución que refleja casi todos los errores,  fracasos y crímenes del liderazgo postsoviético-.</p>
<p>Dos guerras  horrorosas con separatistas locales, entre 1994 y 1996 y entre 1999 y el  2006, se libraron por Chechenia, supuestamente para asegurar la  integridad territorial de Rusia.</p>
<p>Nosotros los rusos libramos  estas guerras para demostrar a los chechenos que ellos, también, eran  ciudadanos de Rusia. Lo hicimos destruyendo sus ciudades y pueblos con  bombas de artillería y bombardeos aéreos, y secuestramos y asesinamos a  civiles, cuyos cuerpos muchas veces mostraban señales de tortura. No  debería sorprender a nadie que los chechenos y otros pueblos del Cáucaso  no se sientan muy rusos.</p>
<p>A decir verdad, Rusia perdió la guerra  contra los separatistas chechenos. El ganador fue Ramzán Radirov, uno  de los comandantes de campo en la contienda. Ostensiblemente, Radirov es  una persona leal al primer ministro ruso, Vladímir Putin, pero en  realidad es prácticamente independiente del Kremlin, que le entrega un  respaldo financiero sustancial, no sólo por su declaración formal de  lealtad, sino también por su abrazo público de Putin.</p>
<p>La guerra  contra el separatismo en el norte del Cáucaso hoy se ha convertido en la  guerra contra el fundamentalismo islámico. Encendido por la violencia  de las guerras chechenas, el terrorismo patrocinado por el islamismo se  propagó ampliamente por la región, conforme las políticas rusas,  similares a las que imperaban durante la guerra chechena, hacen aumentar  la cantidad de islamistas.</p>
<p>El presidente Dimitri Medvédev, por  ejemplo, regularmente insta a que a los extremistas &#8220;se los queme hasta  reducirlos a cenizas&#8221; y a que se aplique un castigo aterrador que  también incluya a quienes &#8220;les lavan la ropa y les preparan sopa a los  terroristas&#8221;. Dada la moralidad de las fuerzas federales (o la falta de  esta), Medvédev debería haber entendido que una retórica de esta  naturaleza sólo podía producir un incremento significativo de la  brutalidad y los asesinatos extrajudiciales en todo el norte del  Cáucaso.</p>
<p>El caos resultante sólo sirvió para engendrar nuevos  atacantes suicidas dispuestos a crear una nueva ola de terror en el  corazón de Rusia. De hecho, la paradoja hoy es que los islamistas  parecen estar perdiendo influencia en el mundo árabe mientras que  fortalecen su posición en el norte del Cáucaso, donde el Kremlin libró  una guerra de doce años sin entender el alcance de la tragedia que  estaba teniendo lugar &#8211; una guerra civil y étnica de la cual el propio  Kremlin es significativamente responsable-.</p>
<p>Después de todo, el  tributo que el Kremlin rinde a Kadirov y a las élites corruptas de las  otras repúblicas caucásicas ha servido para comprar palacios y pistolas  de oro para hombres que están llevando a los jóvenes, desempleados y  desfavorecidos de la región por el camino de la revolución islámica. En  todo el Cáucaso, una generación entera creció absolutamente desapegada  de Rusia &#8211; y cada vez más susceptible al reclutamiento en las filas de  los guerreros de Alá-.</p>
<p>Una brecha mental prácticamente insondable  hoy separa a los jóvenes rusos y caucásicos. Jóvenes moscovitas marchan  llevando pancartas que dicen &#8220;¡A la mierda con el Cáucaso!&#8221;. Jóvenes  caucásicos, que se consideran a sí mismos como el lado ganador en el  norte del Cáucaso, se comportan de manera cada vez más provocadora y  agresiva en las calles de las ciudades rusas.</p>
<p>En el corazón y la  mente de la gente de ambos bandos, los rusos y los caucásicos se están  distanciando cada vez más entre sí. Pero ni el Kremlin ni sus aliados  del norte del Cáucaso están dispuestos a una separación formal. El  Kremlin sigue amarrado a sus ilusiones imperiales fantasmales sobre una  &#8220;zona de intereses privilegiados&#8221; que se extiende más allá de las  fronteras de Rusia, mientras que los aliados del Norte del Cáucaso,  empezando por Kadirov, gobiernan como autócratas independientes felices  de aceptar dádivas del presupuesto estatal ruso.</p>
<p>La ironía es  que, al igual que el Kremlin y sus aliados, los islamistas no quieren  separarse. Sueñan con un califato que incluyera mucho más de la  Federación Rusa que el norte del Cáucaso.</p>
<p>Recientemente,  Medvédev convocó una gran reunión pública en Vladikavkaz. Allí acusó a  enemigos anónimos (sus anónimos ellos supuestamente incluían gobiernos  occidentales) de perseguir una agenda destinada a destruir Rusia, y  alentó a sus fuerzas de seguridad a hacerlos retroceder. En el universo  mental de Medvédev, las represalias salvajes de hoy de alguna manera  convertirán el norte del Cáucaso en una zona de turismo internacional de  esquí el día de mañana.</p>
<p>Eso no es probable que suceda. El día  después de la partida de Medvédev de Vladikavkaz, los terroristas  hicieron estallar las cabinas del teleférico en el complejo de Nalchik,  no muy lejos de Sochi, donde, para Rusia, lo que estará en juego en el  2014 será mucho más que el ganar medallas.</p>
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		<title>El oscuro círculo caucásico</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38855/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38855/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2011 11:47:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=38855</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Andrei Piontkovsky</strong>, politólogo ruso y miembro visitante del Hudson Institute en Washington DC. (Project Syndicate, 31/05/11):</p>
<p>Las autoridades rusas recientemente comenzaron a hacer alarde de las masivas medidas de seguridad que se están implementando de cara a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2014 en el complejo de Sochi, en el Mar Negro. Tienen buenos motivos para estar preocupados, y no sólo por la seguridad de los atletas y los espectadores.</p>
<p>La violencia en el Norte del Cáucaso está dejando de ser un conflicto regional serio para convertirse cada vez más en una amenaza existencial para toda la &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/38855/el-oscuro-circulo-caucasico-2/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Andrei Piontkovsky</strong>, politólogo ruso y miembro visitante del Hudson Institute en Washington DC. (Project Syndicate, 31/05/11):</p>
<p>Las autoridades rusas recientemente comenzaron a hacer alarde de las masivas medidas de seguridad que se están implementando de cara a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2014 en el complejo de Sochi, en el Mar Negro. Tienen buenos motivos para estar preocupados, y no sólo por la seguridad de los atletas y los espectadores.</p>
<p>La violencia en el Norte del Cáucaso está dejando de ser un conflicto regional serio para convertirse cada vez más en una amenaza existencial para toda la Federación Rusa -una evolución que refleja casi todos los errores, fracasos y crímenes del liderazgo post-soviético.</p>
<p>Dos guerras horrorosas con separatistas locales, entre 1994 y 1996 y entre 1999 y 2006, se libraron por Chechenia, supuestamente para asegurar la integridad territorial de Rusia. Nosotros los rusos libramos estas guerras para demostrarles a los chechenos que ellos, también, eran ciudadanos de Rusia. Lo hicimos destruyendo sus ciudades y pueblos con bombas de artillería y bombardeos aéreos, y secuestramos y asesinamos a civiles, cuyos cuerpos muchas veces mostraban señales de tortura. No debería sorprender a nadie que los chechenos, y otros pueblos del Cáucaso, no se sientan muy rusos.</p>
<p>A decir verdad, Rusia perdió la guerra contra los separatistas chechenos. El ganador fue Ramzan Radyrov, uno de los comandantes de campo en la contienda. Ostensiblemente, Radyrov es una persona leal al primer ministro ruso, Vladimir Putin, pero en realidad es prácticamente independiente del Kremlin, que le entrega un respaldo financiero sustancial, no sólo por su declaración formal de lealtad, sino también por su abrazo público de Putin.</p>
<p>La guerra contra el separatismo en el Norte del Cáucaso hoy se ha convertido en la guerra contra el fundamentalismo islámico. Encendido por la violencia de las guerras chechenas, el terrorismo patrocinado por el islamismo se propagó ampliamente por la región, conforme las políticas rusas, similares a las que imperaban durante la guerra chechena, hacen aumentar la cantidad de islamistas.</p>
<p>El presidente Dmitri Medvedev, por ejemplo, regularmente insta a que a los extremistas &#8220;se los queme hasta reducirlos a cenizas&#8221;, y a que se aplique un castigo aterrador que también incluya a quienes &#8220;les lavan la ropa y les preparan sopa a los terroristas&#8221;. Dada la moralidad de las fuerzas federales (o la falta de la misma), Medvedev debería haber entendido que una retórica de esta naturaleza sólo podía resultar en un incremento significativo de la brutalidad y los asesinatos extrajudiciales en todo el Norte del Cáucaso.</p>
<p>El caos resultante sólo sirvió para engendrar nuevos atacantes suicidas dispuestos a generar una nueva ola de terror en el corazón de Rusia. De hecho, la paradoja hoy es que los islamistas parecen estar perdiendo influencia en el mundo árabe mientras que fortalecen su posición en el Norte del Cáucaso, donde el Kremlin libró una guerra de doce años sin entender el alcance de la tragedia que estaba teniendo lugar -una guerra civil y étnica de la cual el propio Kremlin es significativamente responsable.</p>
<p>Después de todo, el tributo que el Kremlin le rinde a Kadyrov y a las elites corruptas de las otras repúblicas caucásicas ha servido para comprar palacios y pistolas de oro para hombres que están llevando a los jóvenes, desempleados y desfavorecidos de la región por el camino de la revolución islámica. En todo el Cáucaso, una generación entera creció absolutamente desapegada de Rusia -y cada vez más susceptible al reclutamiento en las filas de los guerreros de Alá.</p>
<p>Una brecha mental prácticamente insondable hoy separa a los jóvenes rusos y caucásicos. Jóvenes moscovitas marchan llevando pancartas que dicen &#8220;¡A la mierda con el Cáucaso!&#8221; Jóvenes caucásicos, que se perciben a sí mismos como el lado ganador en el Norte del Cáucaso, se comportan de maneras cada vez más provocadoras y agresivas en las calles de las ciudades rusas.</p>
<p>En el corazón y la mente de la gente de ambos bandos, los rusos y los caucásicos se están distanciando cada vez más entre sí. Pero ni el Kremlin ni sus aliados del Norte del Cáucaso están dispuestos a una separación formal. El Kremlin sigue amarrado a sus ilusiones imperiales fantasmales sobre una &#8220;zona de intereses privilegiados&#8221; que se extiende más allá de las fronteras de Rusia, mientras que los aliados del Norte del Cáucaso, empezando por Kadyrov, gobiernan como autócratas independientes dichosos de aceptar dádivas del presupuesto estatal ruso.</p>
<p>La ironía es que, al igual que el Kremlin y sus aliados, los islamistas no quieren separarse. Sueñan con un califato que incluyera mucho más de la Federación Rusa que del Norte del Cáucaso.</p>
<p>Recientemente, Medvedev convocó a una gran reunión pública en Vladikavkaz. Allí acusó a enemigos anónimos (sus anónimos &#8220;ellos&#8221; supuestamente incluían a gobiernos occidentales) de perseguir una agenda destinada a destruir a Rusia, y alentó a sus fuerzas de seguridad a hacerlos retroceder. En el universo mental de Medvedev, las represalias salvajes de hoy de alguna manera convertirán al Norte del Cáucaso en una zona de turismo internacional de esquí el día de mañana.</p>
<p>Eso no es probable que suceda. El día después de la partida de Medvedev de Vladikavkaz, los terroristas hicieron estallar los elevadores de esquí en el complejo de Nalchik, no muy lejos de Sochi, donde, para Rusia, será mucho más lo que esté en juego en 2014 que ganar medallas.</p>
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		<title>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty on the wrong side</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/34791/radio-free-europeradio-liberty-on-the-wrong-side/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/34791/radio-free-europeradio-liberty-on-the-wrong-side/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Apr 2011 13:10:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=34791</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Xandra Kayden</strong>, a senior fellow at the School of Public Affairs at the University of California, Los Angeles (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 27/04/11):</p>
<p>There is something weird and rather disturbing about Radio Free  Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) &#8211; a U.S.-funded media outlet that is  famous for broadcasting information during the Cold War to support our  friends and undermine our enemies &#8211; attacking an ally over our mutual  enemy, radical jihadism.</p>
<p>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty has  claimed repeatedly that Azerbaijan is not at risk from the threat of  spreading Iranian-backed radicalism and therefore, accuses it of human  rights violations for considering &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/34791/radio-free-europeradio-liberty-on-the-wrong-side/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Xandra Kayden</strong>, a senior fellow at the School of Public Affairs at the University of California, Los Angeles (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 27/04/11):</p>
<p>There is something weird and rather disturbing about Radio Free  Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) &#8211; a U.S.-funded media outlet that is  famous for broadcasting information during the Cold War to support our  friends and undermine our enemies &#8211; attacking an ally over our mutual  enemy, radical jihadism.</p>
<p>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty has  claimed repeatedly that Azerbaijan is not at risk from the threat of  spreading Iranian-backed radicalism and therefore, accuses it of human  rights violations for considering banning head scarves in public schools  (something France did recently) and imprisoning radical clerics who  foment the overthrow of the government in favor of becoming a satellite  of the mullahs in Iran. Because Azerbaijan &#8211; a secular Shia  majority-Muslim nation with vast energy supplies and a central player in  the Caucuses and Eurasia &#8211; has secular alliances with the very nations  the terrorists hate most, including a very close partnership with Israel  &#8211; it is itself a target for jihadists, especially those coming from  Iran. Given the difference in size and resources between Azerbaijan and  Iran, the mullahs&#8217; threats can never be taken as an idle exercise.</p>
<p>Azerbaijan  sits on the Caspian Sea and is bordered by Russia, Georgia, Armenia,  Turkey and Iran. In fact, it is the only nation to border both Russia  and Iran. It is an ancient land and, with the exception of a few years  of independence between the end of World War I and the rise of the  Soviet state (it was the first parliamentary democracy in the Muslim  world), it was a republic of the USSR. In the years since the collapse  of the Soviet Union, it has developed a decidedly pragmatic and  pro-Western foreign policy, while still mindful of the dangers lurking  in its neighborhood: It is engaged in a frozen conflict with Armenia,  which invaded Azerbaijan more than 20 years ago to claim territory. It  looks to Georgia as a close neighbor, but also as a buffer between  itself and Russia. While some would expect it to be allied with Iran  because they are both Shia Muslim, it is a secular state, believing  strongly in the separation of government and religion. Ironically, it is  Azerbaijan&#8217;s regional nemesis &#8211; Armenia &#8211; that has developed a very  cozy relationship with Iran, including the conspicuous and now public  weapon transfers that caused not only some serious U.S. concerns, but  American deaths in Iraq. It is not irrelevant to also note that  Azerbaijan is a state rich in oil and gas and, through its pipelines, is  and will be a significant contributor to the energy needs of Turkey,  Israel and Europe.</p>
<p>If there were ever a nation wary of terrorism  in that part of the world, it is Azerbaijan. It is both too close to  Iran culturally and too far apart from it in temperament, desire and  fundamentalist religious commitment. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty has  been vehemently and relentlessly attacking Azerbaijan for closing  mosques that preach Islamic fundamentalism, banning head scarves in  public schools and imprisoning radical clerics. It is perhaps also worth  noting that the ban of head scarves in schools was based on addressing  socioeconomic issues and not based in religion. While it may have gone a  little further than some nations with large Muslim populations in  Europe, it does not have a majority population of &#8220;others&#8221; who can  overwhelm the development of terrorism by its sheer existence. On the  other hand, it does have a population that is quite mindful of the  dangers &#8211; especially to women &#8211; of a radical takeover. Fighting back is a  lot harder for a nation to do once a foothold has been gained, as we  have seen in Pakistan and Afghanistan.</p>
<p>Growing religious identity  in Azerbaijan is probably a natural process in a post-Soviet society  rediscovering its roots following decades of Soviet ideological  domination. There should be a lively debate about the place of head  coverings and other religious symbols in a secular society. However,  unlike Pakistan, the Arab nations and even Turkey, the radicalization of  this debate is fueled from outside, namely Iran. Calls for jihad by  radicals in Azerbaijan and disturbances -including physical attacks on  schools over head scarves &#8211; are an Iranian export. Their ayatollahs use  their broadcasts into Azerbaijan to incite unrest and accuse Azerbaijani  authorities of being &#8220;Islamophobic.&#8221; The issue at hand is not freedom  of religion &#8211; for which Azerbaijan is quite well known &#8211; but whether the  Azeri society is allowed to address its development without radical and  even violent interference from Iran. The Iranian goal is to shift the  discussion on social issues in Azerbaijan toward a discussion of whether  the state should be secular or religious. America&#8217;s interests here are  fairly clear and so is the side it should take.</p>
<p>Azerbaijan has  been sensitive to its relationship with its neighbors far longer than we  have even been aware of its existence. It cannot speak forcefully  against Iran on a regular basis because that much larger nation is far  too irrational as it is, and not entirely unwilling to flex its muscles  to the detriment of everyone around it. It would advance neither  Azerbaijan&#8217;s interests nor ours to increase tension in the region by  leaving an opening for the further spread of terrorist ideology. It is  worth noting that Azerbaijan&#8217;s president, Ilham Aliyev, effectively told  Iran to mind its own business with regard to the head scarves, as well  as many other issues.</p>
<p>U.S. foreign policy is inevitably caught  between a rock and a hard place when it comes to exerting its role as  the only remaining superpower. We genuinely support freedom and human  rights but it is unrealistic to assume that any nation can achieve them  without the security and sense of well-being required to support them.  Arguing that anything that might jeopardize the market for terrorism is  against our policy of freedom for all human beings is both naive and  inapplicable. Do we really want to tell yet another nation how to  prosper by following our values and objectives? Democracy requires more  than elections, it must be built on a culture that reflects the values  and history of its people.</p>
<p>Of course, we have a responsibility to  stand up for civil liberty; we would be defeated by terrorism and  extremism if we did not. Azerbaijan offers plenty of reasons for  criticism. Certainly, Azerbaijan needs to do much more in dealing with  corruption, political freedoms and treatment of journalists. The need  for further reforms is obvious and urgent. However, for such criticisms  to have an effect, they should be perceived as something beyond  &#8220;Azerbaijan bashing.&#8221; This is a nuanced &#8220;war&#8221; at best. Surely, there are  other ways to express our concerns for civil liberty than blasting a  friend who does not have the resources that France and Germany have in  their battles against the spread of extremism in Muslim communities in  their nations. Neither U.S. nor Azeri interests are served by an advance  of extremism. Our mutual goals might well suffer a setback if we do not  find a better way to avoid falling into the traps the religious  radicals are seeking to set for us. After all, whatever the shortcoming  current Azerbaijani authorities have, a pro-Western, strongly secular  and pragmatic government that ensures progress, however slow in our  eyes, is much better than likely alternatives, be it a government  aligned with Iran or a government so weak that it would effectively be  dominated by Moscow or Tehran.</p>
<p>U.S. foreign policy and concerns  are certainly not served by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in this  instance. As part of its mission, the service claims that it provides  &#8220;uncensored news, responsible discussion and open debate.&#8221; This is a  noble mission, yet even a brief look at the RFERL&#8217;s coverage of  Azerbaijan shows a clearly negative bias toward Azeri authorities.  Perhaps, such an approach was justified during the Soviet years when the  objective was to use all means necessary to undermine our Cold War  enemy. But what value does it have today against one of the very few  friendly nations we have in a strategically critical area of the world?  The issue is not RFERL&#8217;s freedom of speech because it is a U.S.  taxpayer-financed entity established to advance U.S. interests. Given  that, one would expect that its message to Azerbaijan would confront the  one broadcast by the Iranian government&#8217;s propaganda outlet, Sahar TV,  rather that echo it.</p>
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		<title>Terrorism meets xenophobia in Russia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/33385/terrorism-meets-xenophobia-in-russia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/33385/terrorism-meets-xenophobia-in-russia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Feb 2011 14:31:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=33385</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Charles King</strong>, a professor at Georgetown University and the author of <em>Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams</em> and <strong>Rajan Menon</strong>, a professor of political science at City College of New York/City University of New York and the author of <em>The End of Alliance</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 06/02/11):</p>
<p>If current demographic trends continue, within the next half-century  Muslims will constitute a sizable part, perhaps even a plurality, of  Russia&#8217;s population; indeed, Moscow currently has more Muslim  inhabitants than any other European city. And unlike those in Amsterdam  or Paris, most of Moscow&#8217;s Muslims are citizens, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/33385/terrorism-meets-xenophobia-in-russia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Charles King</strong>, a professor at Georgetown University and the author of <em>Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams</em> and <strong>Rajan Menon</strong>, a professor of political science at City College of New York/City University of New York and the author of <em>The End of Alliance</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 06/02/11):</p>
<p>If current demographic trends continue, within the next half-century  Muslims will constitute a sizable part, perhaps even a plurality, of  Russia&#8217;s population; indeed, Moscow currently has more Muslim  inhabitants than any other European city. And unlike those in Amsterdam  or Paris, most of Moscow&#8217;s Muslims are citizens, not immigrants —  products of the Russian Empire&#8217;s 19th century southward expansion. In  the coming decades, Muslim peoples from Russia&#8217;s North Caucasus and  Volga regions, together with migrants from neighboring Central Asia and  Azerbaijan, will continue to displace Russia&#8217;s Slavic core and reshape  how the country defines itself.</p>
<p>These shifts pose new challenges to Russia&#8217;s stability. Last December,  following the slaying of an ethnic Russian in Moscow, allegedly by a man  from the North Caucasus, mobs of chanting youths took to the streets,  arms raised in Nazi salutes. &#8220;Moscow for Muscovites,&#8221; read one of their  tamer bits of graffiti. Photos and video showed other young men —  pummeled, bloodied and dark-haired — cowering behind a thin phalanx of  police officers.</p>
<p>Russia has an undeniable terrorism problem emanating from its restive  North Caucasus, a region featuring authoritarian politics and a growing  Islamist insurgency. But it also has a xenophobia problem. Xenophobic  mob attacks on Muslim minorities in the national capital and other major  cities could make terrorism attacks occasions for additional bloodshed.  This deadly tit-for-tat threatens, especially in the context of an  economic crisis, to stoke ethnic and religious conflict, empowering  Russia&#8217;s increasingly visible ultranationalist forces.</p>
<p>The people targeted in the violent episodes exemplified by Moscow&#8217;s  December demonstrations were primarily from the North Caucasus, a  mountainous stretch along Russia&#8217;s southern border with Georgia and  Azerbaijan. In the wake of two wars in Chechnya, an insurgency has  gained ground across the area. That, along with poverty, joblessness and  the indiscriminate roundups of young men by state security services,  has spurred out-migration from the area since the 1990s.</p>
<p>The more chaotic the North Caucasus becomes, the larger the exodus of  people to Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, and in turn the  greater the likelihood of violence between far-right hooligans and  Russian Muslims.</p>
<p>Russia&#8217;s leaders understand the stakes. President Dmitry Medvedev has  labeled the North Caucasus his country&#8217;s greatest internal problem.  After the December riots, he denounced the fanatics for sowing disorder.  Likewise, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin warned against extremism of all  sorts.</p>
<p>Moscow has also tried to stabilize the North Caucasus. It has increased  investment in Chechnya, seeking to rebuild the republic after the  weakening of the insurgency there. Still, the other North Caucasus  republics — unfamiliar places such as Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria —  remain mired in poverty and unemployment. The Kremlin has sought to buy  off power brokers in the region, hoping to rely on the local strongmen  to keep order and crack down on suspected insurgents.</p>
<p>But this is not the kind of thoroughgoing reform that is needed. And the  indiscriminate dragnets deployed against Muslim men in the region have  driven even more young people to leave or to join the insurgency&#8217;s  ranks.</p>
<p>In the meantime, anti-migrant chauvinists in major cities farther north  have made life even more miserable for those fleeing the North Caucasus.  Politicians have inflamed the situation by painting all Muslim migrants  as criminals and aliens. And the Russian media tend to denounce the  chaos while ignoring the victims — unless they are ethnic Russians.</p>
<p>Russia has seen all this before. The eruptions of violence against  neighbors who were also perceived as insidious outsiders marked Russia&#8217;s  early 20th century. Anti-Jewish pogroms in then-Russian cities such as  Kishinev and Odessa assaulted one of the Russian Empire&#8217;s most vibrant  communities. But they also hurt Russia: by increasing emigration,  staining the country&#8217;s international reputation and creating a  repertoire of violence against Jews that was reprised during the  Bolshevik revolution and Russian civil war.</p>
<p>Then, as now, the thugs were a tiny part of the population. Neither  today&#8217;s extreme nationalists nor the Islamist terrorists are  representative of the communities they claim to speak for — a point  Medvedev, who has praised Islam as a vital part of Russian history, has  been at pains to make.</p>
<p>It is a fine line the Russian government must walk. In responding to  terrorism, the government must be careful to separate the terrorists  from the rest of Russia&#8217;s large Muslim community. Medvedev&#8217;s use of the  term &#8220;pogrom&#8221; to describe last December&#8217;s riots is a step in the right  direction. Without such clear signals from Moscow, Muslims in and from  the North Caucasus — who, after all, have been the main victims of  Islamist terrorism for years — will wonder whether the country they now  call home is big enough to embrace them.</p>
<p>The Domodedovo Airport bombing points to the need for better  intelligence and policing to protect all of Russia&#8217;s citizens. Russia&#8217;s  creaking security services, often heavy handed and inefficient, have  scored some remarkable successes against insurgents, and the airport  attack will be another opportunity to reexamine the performance of state  institutions. But the larger challenge for Russian citizens and their  government involves coming to terms with a future in which the Muslim  periphery is no longer so peripheral.</p>
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		<title>Azerbaijan needs bipartisan support</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32730/azerbaijan-needs-bipartisan-support/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32730/azerbaijan-needs-bipartisan-support/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Dec 2010 14:21:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=32730</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Peter Van Praagh</strong>, a senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States (THE WASHINGTON POST, 27/12/10):</p>
<p>Ten years ago this month, a young American civilian working for democracy <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/05/world/american-stabbed-to-death-in-azerbaijan.html">in Azerbaijan was brutally murdered</a> in the former Soviet republic&#8217;s capital. The stabbing of John Alvis  raised little public attention. A decade later, his death remains a  crime deemed unsolved by the FBI.</p>
<p>John Alvis, a 36-year-old from Texas, was the representative of the <a href="http://www.iri.org/">International Republican Institute</a> in Baku. He worked closely with me, in my capacity as representative of the <a href="http://www.ndi.org/">National Democratic Institute</a>,  to &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32730/azerbaijan-needs-bipartisan-support/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Peter Van Praagh</strong>, a senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States (THE WASHINGTON POST, 27/12/10):</p>
<p>Ten years ago this month, a young American civilian working for democracy <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/05/world/american-stabbed-to-death-in-azerbaijan.html">in Azerbaijan was brutally murdered</a> in the former Soviet republic&#8217;s capital. The stabbing of John Alvis  raised little public attention. A decade later, his death remains a  crime deemed unsolved by the FBI.</p>
<p>John Alvis, a 36-year-old from Texas, was the representative of the <a href="http://www.iri.org/">International Republican Institute</a> in Baku. He worked closely with me, in my capacity as representative of the <a href="http://www.ndi.org/">National Democratic Institute</a>,  to bring about democratic political reform of the autocratic government  of Heydar Aliyev, a former member of the Soviet Politburo. Our close  cooperation showed that Republicans and Democrats can work together  toward a worthy common cause.</p>
<p>John&#8217;s murder also tragically underlined the risks civilians take in  defending and promoting democracy in countries whose dictators move  quickly to discourage and, if necessary, end any such efforts.</p>
<p>Azerbaijan has registered no political progress in the past 10 years.  John&#8217;s murder came less than four weeks after a suspect election in  2000. Another terrible election took place on Nov. 7 of this year, as  Ilham Aliyev, the current president, consolidated the power of his late  father. Until that most recent electoral fraud, a small &#8211; and harmless &#8211;  number of opposition parties had been allowed representation in  parliament. Now the Azeri legislature will not have even a single member  of any opposition party.</p>
<p>Some Western policymakers argue that political liberalization in  Azerbaijan is beside the point. More critical than democracy, they say,  is a reliable partner for transit routes to Afghanistan and access to  Azerbaijan&#8217;s oil and gas wealth. The Aliyev family depends on this  long-held view and rewards its Western partners by saying plainly that  Azerbaijan does not care what the United States and Europe think about  its democracy and human rights record.</p>
<p>But Azerbaijan does care. The Aliyevs know better than anyone that there  will be popular uprisings in Baku if they choose to build a closer  relationship with Moscow. Still, three U.S. administrations have been  gullible enough to believe the story that American influence and  potential leverage in Azerbaijan are limited. And many Azeris are well  on their way to giving up hope that the United States will use its  considerable influence to ensure that civil society is not wholly  crushed.</p>
<p>In fact, instead of waiting for political pressure on the Aliyev regime  from the West, more and more Azeris, about 90 percent of whom are Shiite  Muslim, are looking toward religion and to Iran, which borders  Azerbaijan to the south, as a potential remedy.</p>
<p>This is not the way that things have to be &#8211; and far from the outcome  that appeared likely given the political situation 10 years ago. In late  2000, as Americans were recounting ballots in Florida, John and I were  looking forward to a progressive Azerbaijan that would help to pull Iran  toward modern political reform. The Azeri political scene was still  diverse then, and most Azeris were still optimistic that formal  independence from Moscow would mean closer ties to the West. That, in  turn, was expected to help influence the millions of ethnic Azeris in  Iran press for greater openness in their own country. We did not predict  what unfortunately transpired &#8211; an Islamist Iran influencing  Azerbaijan, in addition to its other neighbors.</p>
<p>The good news today is that there is clear evidence of American  influence in Azerbaijan. When the State Department declared that last  month&#8217;s elections did not meet international standards, Aliyev&#8217;s office  immediately began asking Westerners what the United States meant. Unable  to understand the obvious message of the statement, Aliyev concluded  that Washington was making a request in code and promptly released two  young democracy bloggers who had been jailed for more than a year.</p>
<p>Instead of rewarding Azerbaijan&#8217;s corrupt leadership for releasing  activists who should never have been imprisoned and letting authorities  off the hook for again undermining Azeris&#8217; confidence in the United  States and its democratic allies, the United States needs to push  Azerbaijan hard, now, to do more to protect independent civil society  and to get on the path toward honest political representation.</p>
<p>John and I cooperated with democratic Azeris who were demoralized after  the fraudulent 2000 elections but who were committed, nonetheless, to  continue a struggle to move their country forward. For his efforts, John  was murdered in his home in Baku. At a time when many in Washington are  speaking about the need to bridge the partisan divide, perhaps  Democrats and Republicans can consider specific strategies for working  together to support democracy in the parts of the world where courageous  people continue to risk their lives to defend it.</p>
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		<title>L’adhésion de la Russie à l’OMC bute encore sur le caillou géorgien</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32586/l%e2%80%99adhesion-de-la-russie-a-l%e2%80%99omc-bute-encore-sur-le-caillou-georgien/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32586/l%e2%80%99adhesion-de-la-russie-a-l%e2%80%99omc-bute-encore-sur-le-caillou-georgien/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Dec 2010 11:12:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Economía]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Comercio]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=32586</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Guy Mettan</strong>, président romand des Joint Chambers of Commerce Suisse &#8211; Russie &#8211; Ukraine &#8211; Kazakhstan &#8211; Belarus &#8211; Kirghizistan &#8211; Moldavie (LE TEMPS, 17/12/10):</p>
<p>Enfin le bout du tunnel! A la suite de ce qui sera la négociation  d’adhésion la plus longue de l’histoire, la Russie entrevoit enfin la  lumière. Même Pascal Lamy, le directeur général de l’OMC, d’habitude  très prudent sur ce dossier, a convenu dans un communiqué de presse que  l’adhésion de la Russie à l’organisation devenait «un objectif possible»  et qu’on avait assisté à une nette accélération du processus depuis six  mois. Moscou a &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/32586/l%e2%80%99adhesion-de-la-russie-a-l%e2%80%99omc-bute-encore-sur-le-caillou-georgien/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Guy Mettan</strong>, président romand des Joint Chambers of Commerce Suisse &#8211; Russie &#8211; Ukraine &#8211; Kazakhstan &#8211; Belarus &#8211; Kirghizistan &#8211; Moldavie (LE TEMPS, 17/12/10):</p>
<p>Enfin le bout du tunnel! A la suite de ce qui sera la négociation  d’adhésion la plus longue de l’histoire, la Russie entrevoit enfin la  lumière. Même Pascal Lamy, le directeur général de l’OMC, d’habitude  très prudent sur ce dossier, a convenu dans un communiqué de presse que  l’adhésion de la Russie à l’organisation devenait «un objectif possible»  et qu’on avait assisté à une nette accélération du processus depuis six  mois. Moscou a donc mis l’énergie nécessaire dans la négociation,  relève-t-on à Genève. Echéance prévue: été 2011.</p>
<p>Il faut dire que le parcours aura été chaotique. Lancées par Boris  Eltsine au début de la période de privatisation, les négociations se  sont ensuite enlisées pour des questions de politique interne au Kremlin  – une forte opposition de l’économie domestique russe – et externe à la  Russie – l’opposition des Etats-Unis et de nombreux pays est-européens  de l’ancienne zone d’influence soviétique.</p>
<p>De guerre lasse, Vladimir Poutine a donc annoncé, en juin 2009, qu’il  suspendait les négociations de Genève. Le 17 juillet, la création d’une  Union douanière avec le Kazakhstan et le Belarus était proclamée, avec  entrée en vigueur au 1er janvier 2010. Fin janvier 2010, le dialogue a  cependant été renoué avec l’OMC. Avec succès. Les négociateurs russes  mettent les bouchées doubles. En juin, les dernières résistances  américaines, notamment sur les exportations de viande de poulet en  Russie, sont balayées. Et en octobre, l’Union européenne approuve  formellement le principe d’une adhésion de la Russie. Six problèmes  systémiques restaient à régler: le niveau des subventions à  l’agriculture, les modalités d’importation de bois, les droits à  l’exportation, les activités des entreprises commerciales publiques, les  engagements sur les prix et les règles de transparence.</p>
<p>Mais, si la Russie a vaincu les résistances des ténors du commerce  international, il lui reste encore à subjuguer la farouche opposition  d’un dernier et minuscule joueur: la Géorgie. On le devine, le problème  n’est pas commercial, puisque la Russie est historiquement le premier  partenaire économique de la Géorgie et que celle-ci aurait tout intérêt à  rétablir les échanges avec son grand voisin. Il est purement politique.  De fait, la négociation bute sur l’emplacement des postes de douane, la  Géorgie souhaitant les déplacer au nord du Caucase alors que la Russie  veut les maintenir au sud, en Ossétie et en Abkhazie…</p>
<p>En droit, le veto géorgien n’est pas rédhibitoire. Suivant  l’interprétation donnée aux différents Accords sur les procédures  d’adhésion au GATT puis à l’OMC, une majorité des deux tiers des membres  de l’organisation à l’occasion d’une conférence ministérielle suffit.  Mais, de fait, l’OMC travaille sur le principe du consensus. Il faut  donc obtenir l’aval de tous les membres de l’organisation, qui travaille  par cercles concentriques, du plus petit, le Groupe de travail ad hoc,  aux plus larges jusqu’à l’ensemble des membres.</p>
<p>Or, dans le cas de l’adhésion russe, la mécanique se complique parce  que la Géorgie fait partie du premier cercle, le Groupe de travail. Son  pouvoir de nuisance est donc optimal à ce stade. Légalement, l’obstacle  géorgien pourrait être contourné, dans la mesure où rien dans les textes  ne permet à un Etat membre du Groupe de travail de faire capoter une  procédure d’adhésion. Seul un vote formel de tous les Etats membres  serait en mesure de le faire.</p>
<p>Pour l’instant, personne n’a intérêt à forcer les procédures et à  passer outre à la pratique du consensus. L’issue dépendra de la capacité  des Européens et des Américains à faire entendre raison au régime de  Tbilissi, qui a d’ailleurs reconnu à plusieurs reprises que les  territoires de l’Abkhazie et de l’Ossétie étaient inclus dans l’espace  douanier géorgien mais «pas de facto sous la juridiction du gouvernement  central à cause de la situation politique et que les tarifs douaniers  et autres taxes n’y étaient pas appliqués par les autorités locales».</p>
<p>Bref, le conflit s’est déplacé sur le terrain juridique, et les  chances d’un nouvel enlisement sont grandes dans la mesure où l’issue  repose sur l’entêtement du régime du président Saakachvili. Avec l’aval  américain et européen à la candidature russe, ce dernier prend toutefois  le risque d’un isolement croissant. L’intérêt des firmes occidentales à  commercer avec la Russie dépasse de loin celui de soutenir  financièrement et moralement un régime par ailleurs controversé.</p>
<p>Il existe bien un moyen élégant de sortir de cette impasse: que la  Géorgie quitte volontairement le Groupe de travail et cède sa place à un  autre. La Russie pourrait ainsi mener son dossier à terme et la Géorgie  pourrait continuer à faire valoir son point de vue sur le terrain  politique, sans interférences avec le commercial et sans risque de  s’aliéner ses sponsors. Chacun sauverait ainsi la face.</p>
<p>On sait que la raison gouverne rarement les relations  internationales. Mais qui sait? La Suisse, qui vient d’ouvrir des  négociations pour un accord de libre-échange avec la Russie dans le  cadre de l’AELE, voit en tout cas d’un très bon œil la dernière grande  puissance économique de la planète, membre du G7 et du G20, accéder à  l’OMC. Réponse en 2011.</p>
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		<title>Waiting for Armenia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31359/waiting-for-armenia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31359/waiting-for-armenia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 2010 19:51:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=31359</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Garin Hovannisian</strong>, the author of <em>Family of Shadows: A Century of Murder, Memory, and the Armenian American Dream</em> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 21/09/10):</p>
<p>Across an ocean and a continent, on a sliver of land tucked between  two seas, a little republic enters its 20th year of independence. I know  a man there, an American by birth, who quit his law firm in Los Angeles  around this time 20 years ago and decided he had no further business in  the United States.</p>
<p>It was a romantic time. One by one the 15 Soviet satellite republics  were breaking from the &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31359/waiting-for-armenia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Garin Hovannisian</strong>, the author of <em>Family of Shadows: A Century of Murder, Memory, and the Armenian American Dream</em> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 21/09/10):</p>
<p>Across an ocean and a continent, on a sliver of land tucked between  two seas, a little republic enters its 20th year of independence. I know  a man there, an American by birth, who quit his law firm in Los Angeles  around this time 20 years ago and decided he had no further business in  the United States.</p>
<p>It was a romantic time. One by one the 15 Soviet satellite republics  were breaking from the Kremlin’s orbit and exiled sons were returning to  their homelands to share in the creation of new states.</p>
<p>My father, Raffi K. Hovannisian, once a football star on the Pali High  Dolphins, quit his law firm and moved with wife and children to Yerevan,  the capital of Soviet Armenia. After independence was officially  declared on September 21, 1991, my father was told he was the republic’s  first minister of foreign affairs and handed a fax machine and a first  month’s paycheck of 600 rubles — $143.</p>
<p>All across the Soviet plains, the seeds of democracy were being sown  into soil tyrannized for generations, and no one doubted that they would  grow. Certainly my father didn’t. Within a year, he had established  diplomatic relations with every major democracy in the world. He had  raised the red, blue and orange Armenian flag at United Nations  headquarters in New York.</p>
<p>That was 20 years ago.</p>
<p>The shadow of history soon closed in on the Armenians. The capital went  dark. Faucets dried up. Grain shipments stopped coming in. Suddenly, as  if for the first time, the Armenians realized where they were: to the  west, a history of horror with Turkey, the memory of genocide in 1915;  to the east, the anticipation of war with Azerbaijan, occupant of the  ancient Armenian enclave of Artsakh, or Nagorno Karabakh.</p>
<p>It is a dangerous thing, when survival becomes the sole ambition of a  people. But that is what happened to the Armenians in the years after  independence. They lost their hope, their cause, their conviction. They  were not as generous as they used to be. And the old Soviet symptoms  reappeared.</p>
<p>On the streets of Yerevan, a generation of child beggars emerged.  Policemen waved batons for two-dollar bribes. Teachers worked for  bribes, too. The president came to control every judge, prosecutor and  public defendant who wanted to keep his job. There never was a fair  trial in Armenia, and never a free election. The incumbent never lost a  race. The loser never went home without first leading a mob of a hundred  thousand citizens through the capital.</p>
<p>In 1999, during a session of Parliament, all the president’s adversaries were assassinated.</p>
<p>My father had long resigned from the Yerevan government, but he, at  least, never gave up the dream. In 2001, he gave up his American  passport once and for all. The following year, he founded Heritage, a  national-liberal party, which is now the opposition in the Yerevan  Parliament. To this day, my father is admired by his people — in a  recent poll, Gallup pegged his popularity at 82 percent. But not for the  obvious reasons.</p>
<p>“Achke kusht e,” the people say of him, “His eye is full.” In other  words: the man has seen the world, and he’s not in politics for the  money. In Armenia, that is enough.</p>
<p>Today the Yerevan government is linked to a group of powerful  businessmen, the “oligarchs,” who control the political game. One of  them has the monopoly on gas, another the monopoly on sugar and flour,  and all of them have nicknames, armies of bodyguards, and fleets of  luxury cars escorting them ostentatiously through the city.</p>
<p>The oligarchs are multimillionaires, the lot of them, though they have  incurred great debts to the original power tycoons surrounding the  Kremlin in Moscow, to whom they have been selling the country’s gold  mines and electricity plants. And they are ready to sell much more than  that.</p>
<p>Last month, Armenia hosted a summit of the Collective Security Treaty  Organization, a post-Soviet alliance including Belarus, Kazakhstan,  Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan — all republics unclaimed by the  West that are now following an ancient gravity to its source in mother  Russia. During the August meeting of the organization, Russia secured a  24-year extension of its lease on a key military base in Armenia.  Actually, lease isn’t the word; the base is funded and sustained  entirely by the Armenian state.</p>
<p>So you can see why today, in Yerevan, there is not much independence or  democracy left to celebrate. By now my father, too, must see what his  romanticism has long prevented him from seeing: Armenia is not free, not  independent, not united. The Soviet soil has spit out the seeds of  democracy.</p>
<p>Of course we hope — we know — that the tree of liberty will grow from  that soil one day. But not today, not until it is refreshed by the blood  of patriots and tyrants — both of which, I’m afraid, Armenia has plenty  of.</p>
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		<title>The Black Sea Need Not Be a Black Spot</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31186/the-black-sea-need-not-be-a-black-spot/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31186/the-black-sea-need-not-be-a-black-spot/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Sep 2010 16:37:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=31186</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Denis Corboy</strong>, former European Commission ambassador to Georgia and Armenia and director of the Caucasus Policy Institute at Kings College London; <strong>William Courtney</strong>, a former U.S. ambassador to Kazakhstan and Georgia and <strong>Kenneth Yalowitz</strong>, former U.S. ambassador to Belarus and Georgia and director of the Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 03/09/10):</p>
<p>The Black Sea is a cradle of civilization, trade and cultures, but today  it is also a region of unresolved conflicts, porous borders and  rivalries.</p>
<p>Terrorism and insurgency are spreading across the North Caucasus,  abetted by fighters from &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/31186/the-black-sea-need-not-be-a-black-spot/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Denis Corboy</strong>, former European Commission ambassador to Georgia and Armenia and director of the Caucasus Policy Institute at Kings College London; <strong>William Courtney</strong>, a former U.S. ambassador to Kazakhstan and Georgia and <strong>Kenneth Yalowitz</strong>, former U.S. ambassador to Belarus and Georgia and director of the Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 03/09/10):</p>
<p>The Black Sea is a cradle of civilization, trade and cultures, but today  it is also a region of unresolved conflicts, porous borders and  rivalries.</p>
<p>Terrorism and insurgency are spreading across the North Caucasus,  abetted by fighters from the Middle East and South Asia. Everything from  narcotics from Afghanistan to supplies for Iran’s nuclear program are  smuggled through the region. Georgia remains tense since the 2008 war  with Russia; separatists threaten hostilities in the regions of  Nagorno-Karabakh and Trans-Dniestr.</p>
<p>Contributing to the insecurity is  an absence of effective institutions for Black Sea regional cooperation.</p>
<p>The European Union’s Black Sea Synergy Initiative, the Organization of  Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Operation Black Sea Harmony, a  Turkish-led naval coalition, limp along.</p>
<p>Three NATO members — Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey — line the Black Sea  shore, but the alliance devotes scant attention to the region. Russia  and Turkey seek to dominate the sea and keep other navies out, and even  if they didn’t, the 1936 Montreux Convention restricts outside warships  to three-week sojourns.</p>
<p>Conditions may be ripening, however, for cooperative security initiatives on the Black Sea.</p>
<p>Russia is anxious to assure security for the 2014 Winter Olympics in  Sochi, on the edge of the North Caucasus. Ukraine seeks to calm the  anxieties of the mostly Russian population in Crimea, while Russia seeks  stable naval basing arrangements there.</p>
<p>Turkey, with its large North Caucasian diaspora, and Azerbaijan and  Georgia hope fighting in the North Caucasus will ebb. Turkey is also  concerned about the security of oil tankers traversing the Bosporus  straits. And all the region’s states want to stem illicit trafficking  and terrorist flows.</p>
<p>At first glance, Russia seems to be as much a problem as solution. It is  building up its ground and air forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia,  Georgian territories it annexed after the 2008 clash with Georgia, and  at the Gyumri base in Armenia. These forces create unease because they  could easily interdict shipments of Caspian oil and gas. Russia also  says it will deploy more warships in the Black Sea, and it is outfitting  a naval base in Abkhazia. And despite some hints of change, Moscow  still refuses to deal with the government of Georgia.</p>
<p>Yet an over-extended Russia may now have an interest in defusing  potential confrontations. Vladimir Putin’s model of authoritarian rule  is coming under new challenge, spurred in part by the government’s  ineptitude in suppressing this summer’s wildfires. Russian leaders now  tout economic modernization and foreign investment. Russia is improving  ties with Turkey and Ukraine, and on  the second anniversary of the war  with Georgia, the Kremlin avoided the patriotic fervor of the previous  year.</p>
<p>Russia, Turkey and Ukraine — the largest states on the Black Sea —  should take the lead in encouraging cooperative security to lessen the  existing threats. All Black Sea states belong to NATO’s Euro-Atlantic  Partnership Council and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in  Europe, both of which could serve as forums for developing regional  initiatives.</p>
<p>Cooperation to reduce transnational threats should improve cross-border  links between law enforcement, border control and military  organizations, and facilitate joint operations against illicit  trafficking.</p>
<p>Cooperation should bolster the capacity to address biological and  nuclear threats, including  active participation in the Proliferation  Security initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear  Terrorism, which Russia co-chairs with the United States. A new regional  energy security dialogue would facilitate cooperative measures to share  shipping and threat information and conduct joint cleanup exercises.</p>
<p>NATO could provide unique aerial and maritime reconnaissance  capabilities, and the E.U. could help with law enforcement, border  security and information sharing.</p>
<p>Last spring, the independent Commission on the Black Sea rightly  lamented that “the Black Sea still does not attract enough attention.”  Summit meetings later this year offer an opportunity to change that.</p>
<p>At these meetings of NATO, the E.U., and the Organization for Security  and Co-operation in Europe (O.S.C.E.),  the Black Sea region ought to be  front and center. With the Sochi Olympics looming, Russia should be a  very interested partner.</p>
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		<title>Georgia needs U.S. help in rebuilding, standing up to Russia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30937/georgia-needs-u-s-help-in-rebuilding-standing-up-to-russia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30937/georgia-needs-u-s-help-in-rebuilding-standing-up-to-russia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Aug 2010 11:15:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=30937</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>John McCain</strong>, a Republican senator from Arizona (THE WASHINGTON POST, 08/08/10):</p>
<p>Though disagreements remain over how the conflict began, there is no denying that two years ago this weekend, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/08/AR2008080800285.html">Russian troops crossed an internationally recognized border and invaded Georgia</a>.  They attacked all of the country with strategic bombers, pushed deep  into its sovereign territory, displaced nearly 127,000 ethnic Georgians  from their homes, recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent  states, and established a military occupation that remains in effect.</p>
<p>Much has changed in the past two years &#8212; but not for the better. Russia  not only occupies &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30937/georgia-needs-u-s-help-in-rebuilding-standing-up-to-russia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>John McCain</strong>, a Republican senator from Arizona (THE WASHINGTON POST, 08/08/10):</p>
<p>Though disagreements remain over how the conflict began, there is no denying that two years ago this weekend, <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/08/AR2008080800285.html">Russian troops crossed an internationally recognized border and invaded Georgia</a>.  They attacked all of the country with strategic bombers, pushed deep  into its sovereign territory, displaced nearly 127,000 ethnic Georgians  from their homes, recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent  states, and established a military occupation that remains in effect.</p>
<p>Much has changed in the past two years &#8212; but not for the better. Russia  not only occupies Georgian territory but is building military bases  there, denying access to humanitarian missions and monitors, permitting  the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in South Ossetia, and working to  fortify the administrative boundary lines of the breakaway regions into  hardened borders. More than 100,000 ethnic Georgians who fled Russia&#8217;s  invasion remain in a situation of effective displacement, according to  U.N. estimates. Even now, Russia is in violation of the <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/12/AR2008081200365.html">cease-fire commitments it made with French President Nicolas Sarkozy</a>.</p>
<p>Despite living under constant Russian threat, Georgia continues to move  forward. Nearly 1,000 Georgian troops are fighting alongside us, without  caveats, in the toughest parts of Afghanistan. Georgia is strengthening  the rule of law, fighting corruption and expanding an economy that the  World Bank considers the <a href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/">11th-best place in the world to do business</a>.  Mayoral elections this year in the Georgian capital, Tbilisi, were  internationally praised as free and fair. While Georgia&#8217;s political  reforms are a work in progress, European Parliament representatives  called the Tbilisi election &#8220;a <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/press_corner/all_news/news/2010/20100531_01_en.htm">real step toward the democratic development</a> of the country.&#8221;</p>
<p>In Russia, however, human rights advocates continue to be threatened, abused and even assassinated. Just last weekend <a href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/nemtsov-detained-as-police-disperse-rallies/411437.html">peaceful demonstrators, including former deputy prime minister Boris Nemtsov, were beaten and arrested</a> for exercising basic human rights guaranteed in the Russian  Constitution. If President Dmitry Medvedev wants a model for political  and economic modernization, he could look to Georgia. And if the Obama  administration is looking for a relationship that really needs a  &#8220;reset,&#8221; it should look to Georgia, too.</p>
<p>The administration has appeared more eager to placate an autocratic  Russia than to support a friendly Georgian democracy living under the  long shadow of its aggressive neighbor. It has lavished Medvedev with  long phone calls and frequent meetings, with only modest foreign policy  gains to show for it. Meanwhile, the administration has demonstrated  little willingness to engage with Georgia&#8217;s leadership, to further its  NATO aspirations, to help rebuild its defenses or, until recently, even  to call Russia&#8217;s troop presence in Georgia what it is &#8212; an occupation  &#8212; let alone pressure Russia to withdraw. The White House and <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/06/AR2010070604101.html">Secretary of State Hillary Clinton</a> recently made some encouraging statements in support of Georgia; now, they should turn these good words into better policies.</p>
<p>If Medvedev is serious about his vision of a Russia guided by the rule  of law, he could bring his government into compliance with the  international agreement he made to return Russian forces to their prewar  positions outside Georgia. For its part, the Obama administration could  rally the <a href="http://www.osce.org/">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> to develop a road map with Russia to end the occupation of Georgia &#8212;  an incremental approach that could lead to the withdrawal of Russian  troops, the return of displaced persons and the restoration of Georgia&#8217;s  territorial integrity. If Russia does not make progress, there should  be consequences: Medvedev must know that cooperation on Georgia is a  U.S. priority and that if Russia does not deliver on our priorities, he  should not expect the United States to deliver on his priorities, such  as <a href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Russia-Faces-Potential-Obstacles-to-WTO-Bid--98630319.html">accession to the World Trade Organization</a>.</p>
<p>Another area where Georgia needs U.S. support is in rebuilding its  defenses. Georgia is doing more fighting in Afghanistan than much of the  NATO alliance it wishes to join. Yet it has been a struggle to get the  administration to provide Georgian troops heading into combat even basic  equipment, armored vehicles and replacement parts. Beyond this  short-term assistance, Georgia needs long-term support to provide for  its own defense. This is likely to entail antitank capabilities, air  defenses, early-warning radar and other defensive systems that should  not be misconstrued as U.S. endorsement for any Georgian use of force  against its separatist regions. Georgia will always be less powerful  than Russia, but that is no reason to leave it vulnerable two years  after a Russian invasion.</p>
<p>For all the damage it has done to Georgia, and its threats to do more,  Russia has failed to achieve its strategic objectives: The democratic  government of Georgia has survived and is thriving. The U.S.-Russia  relationship should enhance this success, not jeopardize it. We have an  opportunity to support Georgia&#8217;s emergence as a strong, whole and free  nation &#8212; but only if we remember who our real friends are.</p>
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		<title>How to prevent another war in the Southern Caucasus</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30563/how-to-prevent-another-war-in-the-southern-caucasus/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30563/how-to-prevent-another-war-in-the-southern-caucasus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 Jul 2010 16:22:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=30563</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ronald D. Asmus</strong>, a deputy assistant secretary of state in the Clinton administration, executive director of the Brussels-based Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. The views expressed here are his own (THE WASHINGTON POST, 03/07/10):</p>
<p>After <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062402479.html">Russian President Dmitry Medvedev&#8217;s recent visit</a>, the  Obama administration wants to prove it has a strategy to deepen ties  with allies such as Poland while it pursues a reset with Russia, so it  has sent Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on a whirlwind tour of  Central and Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus. The trip also &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30563/how-to-prevent-another-war-in-the-southern-caucasus/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ronald D. Asmus</strong>, a deputy assistant secretary of state in the Clinton administration, executive director of the Brussels-based Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. The views expressed here are his own (THE WASHINGTON POST, 03/07/10):</p>
<p>After <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062402479.html">Russian President Dmitry Medvedev&#8217;s recent visit</a>, the  Obama administration wants to prove it has a strategy to deepen ties  with allies such as Poland while it pursues a reset with Russia, so it  has sent Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on a whirlwind tour of  Central and Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus. The trip also seeks  to blunt conservative criticism that Washington is sacrificing allies  for the sake of reconciliation with Moscow.</p>
<p>The administration has tried to pursue a twin-track strategy: reengaging  Russia while upholding the core principle that these countries have the  right to choose their own foreign policies and reject Moscow&#8217;s claims  of a sphere of influence. The real question, however, is not about the  administration&#8217;s rhetoric but whether its words are backed up with  policies that produce meaningful engagement. So far, those policies are  not in place. That is one deficit that Clinton&#8217;s trip will hopefully  start to change.</p>
<p>The administration has already put relations with Central and Eastern  Europe back on track on key issues such as missile defense. Negotiations  over a new strategic concept offer an opportunity to provide  reassurance and to make good on American and NATO promises to engage in  defense planning and exercises and create infrastructure. Dealing with  the South Caucasus is trickier. Two years ago, the West was caught by  surprise when war broke out between Russia and Georgia and threatened to  destabilize the region. The risk of future conflict cannot be ruled  out. The administration needs to confront three very real dangers:</p>
<p>The first is the deteriorating relationship between Azerbaijan and  Armenia and the conflict in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.  Recent shootings and casualties underscore the rising tensions. The  collapse &#8212; hopefully temporary &#8212; of Turkish-Armenian rapprochement has  also elevated tensions. Absent greater international and Western  engagement, these tit-for-tat shootings could spin out of control and  turn into a real war over the summer.</p>
<p>Second, we should not be deluded into thinking that the Russia-Georgia  conflict is over. Moscow is determined to break Tbilisi&#8217;s will to align  with the West. It may opt to wait out Mikheil Saakashvili&#8217;s Georgian  presidency before making its next move, but its goals are unchanged.  While Georgia has weathered the war and the global economic crisis  better than expected, the unresolved status of the breakaway provinces  of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the presence there of Russian forces  &#8212; effectively an occupation &#8212; are a drag on attempts to stabilize and  reform Georgia. The border regime managed by unarmed European Union  monitors is weak. It is doubtful that mission would be adequate if real  instability or tension arose.</p>
<p>But the biggest danger, and the wild card, in the region may be the  North Caucasus, where a nasty brew of radicalization, destabilization  and insurgent activity continues. The 2014 Olympic Games to be held in  Sochi &#8212; a prestige project for Moscow &#8212; threaten to play into this  dynamic. The Russian government may feel the need, in Vladimir Putin&#8217;s  words, to &#8220;clean up&#8221; the region by eliminating the dangers that  insurgents may stage terrorist attacks at the Olympics. In other words,  Moscow may crack down so that the worst violence is over well before  Western journalists start to pay attention or the first international  athlete arrives in 2014. But that kind of preemptive action may make the  situation worse.</p>
<p>The kind of blowback Moscow faces today for having encouraged separatist  forces in the region for many years is a nightmare not only for Russian  leaders but also for the West. Imagine if jihadists in the region  thicken their ties to the similarly named groups we are nettling in the  Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Even if the contagion does not  spread that far, it could destabilize the South Caucasus. Historically,  Russia has often sought to use the South Caucasus to control the North.  Should it do so today by demanding the right of hot pursuit, the use of  airspace or Georgian territory, we could quickly find ourselves on the  precipice of another unwanted conflict.</p>
<p>What should the United States and the West do more generally? The  administration&#8217;s foreign policy plate is full, but this is a classic  case in which a modest investment now can help prevent or contain bigger  problems later. Washington must try to engage Moscow on the North  Caucasus. We are likely to have little leverage in influencing Russia&#8217;s  policies there, but we might be able to limit the collateral damage and  potential spillover from such policies in the South Caucasus. That sort  of long-term payoff would require efforts now to put in place more  effective border management mechanisms, involving the international  community; stepped-up efforts to build political and economic stability;  and the kind of reassurance that would enable these countries to  weather such a storm.</p>
<p>Modest investments now could help prevent much greater problems down the  road. Hopefully Secretary Clinton is finding consensus on this around  the region.</p>
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		<title>Prisoners of the Caucasus</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30448/prisoners-of-the-caucasus/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30448/prisoners-of-the-caucasus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Jun 2010 15:18:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto armado]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=30448</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Charles King</strong>, a professor at Georgetown University and <strong>Rajan Menon</strong>, a professor at Lehigh University and at the City College of New York/City University of New York. A longer version of this article appears in the July/August issue of <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/" target="_blank">Foreign Affairs</a> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 23/06/10):</p>
<p>When Russian leaders speak of security threats, they tend to mention  NATO expansion and the U.S. missile defense program in eastern Europe.  But the unremitting violence in Russia’s North Caucasus region — a  sliver of land sandwiched between the Black and Caspian seas and  inhabited primarily by Muslims whose lands the &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30448/prisoners-of-the-caucasus/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Charles King</strong>, a professor at Georgetown University and <strong>Rajan Menon</strong>, a professor at Lehigh University and at the City College of New York/City University of New York. A longer version of this article appears in the July/August issue of <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/" target="_blank">Foreign Affairs</a> (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 23/06/10):</p>
<p>When Russian leaders speak of security threats, they tend to mention  NATO expansion and the U.S. missile defense program in eastern Europe.  But the unremitting violence in Russia’s North Caucasus region — a  sliver of land sandwiched between the Black and Caspian seas and  inhabited primarily by Muslims whose lands the Russian Empire conquered  in the 19th century — shows that dire dangers lurk at home.</p>
<p>Over the past decade, Russia has experienced spectacular terrorist  attacks, and the violence has either occurred in or emanated from the  North Caucasus. The grizzly incidents have included a mass  hostage-taking in a packed Moscow theater, the killing of hundreds of  children at a school in southern Russia, the derailing of high-speed  trains between Moscow and St. Petersburg, the downing of two passenger  jets and multiple suicide bombings in Red Square and on the Moscow  subway.</p>
<p>The seriousness of the problem prompted President Dmitri Medvedev to dub  this invisible civil war Russia’s foremost internal political problem.</p>
<p>Shootings, bombings, suicide terrorism and squabbles among rival  nationalities now extend beyond the old war zone in Chechnya. In the  neighboring republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, North Ossetia, and  Kabardino-Balkaria, violence is now an everyday affair. Russian Interior  Ministry officials announced this spring that “terrorist crime” in the  North Caucasus was up by 60 percent in 2009 compared to 2008. The summer  of 2010 promises to be no less bloody.</p>
<p>Moscow is at a loss for solutions as the violence spreads. The Medvedev  administration has fallen back on imperial Russia’s playbook, seeking to  buy off provincial officials and deploying more soldiers and police to  combat suspected subversives. But this strategy merely buys time without  fixing the region’s underlying problems, particularly unemployment,  rampant corruption, and repressive provincial governments.</p>
<p>What happens when payoffs and raw power are no longer enough? Neither  Medvedev nor Prime Minister Vladimir Putin seems to know.</p>
<p>The local elites on whom Moscow relies to control the Caucasus are  ruthless; the strongman president of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, combines  cruelty with economic blandishments. But despite Chechnya’s economic  reconstruction since 2009 — when Russia called a halt to its  long-running war in the republic — violence has not ceased.</p>
<p>In Kabardino-Balkaria the harsh rule of President Valery Kokov yielded  to that of a more liberal successor, Arsen Kanokov. But within several  months, the republic witnessed the greatest surge in violence it had  ever seen: a November 2005 raid by armed insurgents on police and  security posts in the capital, Nalchik. Just this week, Russia deployed  even more troops to Nalchik to avert a possible rebellion.</p>
<p>Likewise, fed up with corruption and police brutality in Ingushetia,  Moscow fired its president, Murat Zyazikov, and appointed the younger,  more popular Yunus-bek Yevkurov. But Ingushetia descended into nearly  two years of riots and car bombings — making it arguably the most  dangerous place in Russia.</p>
<p>Moscow has oscillated between a policy of devolution and half-hearted  recentralization.</p>
<p>Earlier this year, Medvedev created a new North Caucasus Federal  District, with jurisdiction over much of the region, and appointed  Aleksandr Khloponin, a businessman and former governor, as its  administrator. Khloponin is considered effective and tough. But his new  assignment essentially recreates an old imperial post that disappeared  with the advent of the Bolsheviks — Viceroy of the Caucasus. What’s  missing is a long-term strategy aimed at root causes.</p>
<p>Amid unrest and poverty, some in the North Caucasus have sought solace  in Islam. Religiosity there takes various forms — from young men and  women peacefully studying the Koran to guerillas who have “gone to the  forest,” the euphemism for joining fighters who seek an end to Russian  rule and an Islam-centered “emirate” across the region.</p>
<p>But Moscow’s rhetoric of reducing the turbulence to extremists and their  foreign collaborators such as Al Qaeda is wrongheaded. A mosque in the  North Caucasus is less likely to be filled with militants seething with  hatred than with young men dressed in knock-off Dolce &amp; Gabbana  clothing looking for a measure of spiritual relief from unhappy personal  lives and bleak job prospects.</p>
<p>Yet when some of them come home after traveling to Turkey for work or to  Egypt for education, they are harassed, or even killed, by local and  federal security services who assume that they have imbibed extremism  while abroad. Not a few have joined radical Islamist groups as a  consequence, while others have done so to avenge the kidnapping or  killing of relatives.</p>
<p>The future of the North Caucasus hinges on whether it can gain an equal  place within the Russian polity and experience better governance and  economic prospects. So long as the Russian state relies on proxies,  proconsuls, and force to ensure order, the region will revert to what it  was in the czarist era: a troublesome, exotic appendage.</p>
<p>And the violence generated in the North Caucasus will continue to reach  into the Russian heartland.</p>
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		<title>Nagorno-Karabakh&#8217;s fragile stalemate</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30008/nagorno-karabakhs-fragile-stalemate/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30008/nagorno-karabakhs-fragile-stalemate/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 May 2010 08:19:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=30008</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Anna Matveeva</strong>, a visiting fellow with the Crisis States Research Centre at the London School of Economics (THE GUARDIAN, 17/05/10):</p>
<p>Last week, 12 May, marked 16 years since Russia mediated a ceasefire  agreement that ended the Armenian-Azerbaijani war over <a title="Wikipedia: Nagorno-Karabakh War " href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_War">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> and  started a long period of &#8220;no war, no peace&#8221; stagnation. Presently, there  is a sense that things might be changing.</p>
<p>The territory of  <a title="Wikipedia:  Karabakh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh">Karabakh</a> is essentially a backwater for both countries. It  had certain significance for Soviet military planners because of its  proximity to Turkey, but otherwise has no prize assets. It is  agricultural land, now sparsely &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/30008/nagorno-karabakhs-fragile-stalemate/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Anna Matveeva</strong>, a visiting fellow with the Crisis States Research Centre at the London School of Economics (THE GUARDIAN, 17/05/10):</p>
<p>Last week, 12 May, marked 16 years since Russia mediated a ceasefire  agreement that ended the Armenian-Azerbaijani war over <a title="Wikipedia: Nagorno-Karabakh War " href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_War">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> and  started a long period of &#8220;no war, no peace&#8221; stagnation. Presently, there  is a sense that things might be changing.</p>
<p>The territory of  <a title="Wikipedia:  Karabakh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh">Karabakh</a> is essentially a backwater for both countries. It  had certain significance for Soviet military planners because of its  proximity to Turkey, but otherwise has no prize assets. It is  agricultural land, now sparsely populated because of the exodus of  ethnic Azerbaijanis who fled the war, with roads leading to closed  borders. Remote from Armenia&#8217;s better-off areas around Yerevan,  development in Nagorno-Karabakh is being propped up by the Armenian  diaspora. It remains an isolated place that, unlike <a title="BBC:  Abkhazia" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm">Abkhazia</a>, has received little assistance from the  international community.</p>
<p>Many Armenians who are currently  in Karabakh fled from inter-ethnic violence in Azerbaijani cities,  losing their good jobs and nice apartments, and continue to feel  embittered. On the opposite side of the border, Azerbaijani farmers,  displaced from the lands currently occupied by the Armenian forces, look  up towards their former homes and think that they see the lights in  them at night. If so, this must be the army using their houses as  barracks.</p>
<p>Would the Azerbaijani president, Ilham Aliyev, go  to war for Karabakh? It is a big question. The defence minister, Safar  Abiyev, spoke in February of the growing likelihood of a &#8220;<a title="Asbarez: 'Azerbaijan Warns of A Great War With Armenia'" href="http://asbarez.com/77827/azerbaijan-warns-of-a-great-war-with-armenia/">great  war</a>&#8221; with Armenia. Azerbaijan has a lot to lose if it does so. It  has got rich quick due to its energy resource development and is the  only <a title="Wikipedia: Commonwealth of Independent States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States">CIS country</a> that sustained positive economic growth during the financial crisis.</p>
<p>The  state started to build roads, rehabilitate schools and resettle its  displaced people. The newly found prosperity conveyed a &#8220;feel-good&#8221;  atmosphere, but it also brought a new confidence that finally &#8220;the game  is ours&#8221;. It cannot let 15% of its territory be lost for ever without  making an earnest effort to win something back. Any leader with a sense  of history would be mindful that future generations would not forgive  him this.</p>
<p>So Azerbaijan builds up its military  capabilities, procures modern weaponry and trains troops. It also  unleashes bellicose rhetoric on Azerbaijani TV channels, both in the  Azeri language and in Russian. Whether this propaganda is aimed at  preparing society for war is unclear, but it certainly instils  trepidation in the Armenian public of a threat of an imminent attack.</p>
<p>The  military build-up and aggressive rhetoric is a pressure tactic of  presenting a credible threat, if Armenia does not move. It is effective  in projecting a fear that the war, fresh in the memory, can restart, but  ineffective in forcing a will for concessions. The public attitude is  that because so much has been sacrificed to gain these lands, giving  them back would be a betrayal of the memory of heroes who died for them.  Following this line of reasoning, the destiny is to continue to  sacrifice development for the sake of defence, even if the price could  be economic stagnation and social depression.</p>
<p>Encouragingly,  Azerbaijan&#8217;s leadership is risk-averse and not prone to impulsive moves  to suit a nationalist agenda. It does not need a war to boost its  popularity, because it is already popular. Rationally speaking, the war  is unlikely. But military games and sabre-rattling have a tendency to  get out of hand. Armenia&#8217;s internal political problems can give rise to a  &#8220;now or never&#8221; attitude: since the adversary appears weak, the time for  a decisive push has arrived.</p>
<p>If it comes to it, the  crucial issue is what Russia would do. There is a fashionable belief  that Moscow holds the key to a Karabakh settlement, but a scenario in  which Vladimir Putin calls the Armenian president, Serzh Sargsyan, and  orders him to withdraw from Karabakh seems truly fantastic. In the  current stalemate, Russia cannot do more than the US and France, the  other <a title="OSCE: Minsk  Process" href="http://www.osce.org/item/21979.html">Minsk group</a> co-chairs. However, if fighting were to start,  Moscow would be presented with an awkward choice as to whether it  defends Armenia militarily.</p>
<p>On the one hand, Armenia is a  member of the <a title="Wikipedia: Collective Security Treaty Organisation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States#Collective_Security_Treaty_Organisation">Collective  Security Treaty Organisation,</a> which, like Nato, operates on the  collective defence principle: an attack against one member is regarded  as an attack on all members. On the other hand, Moscow does not have the  same problems with Baku as it has with Tbilisi: the political  relationship is good, trade is rampant, Azerbaijan benefits from Russian  investment and the two states co-operate in combating terrorism. In the  case of deterioration, diplomatic rather than military pressure would  be Moscow&#8217;s most likely option.</p>
<p>In the meantime, people on  both sides vote with their feet. Rural areas of Armenia, Karabakh and  Azerbaijan are getting depopulated and aged, while younger men, and  increasingly women, solve the poverty problem by labour migration to  Russia. There are few signs that a political culture of compromise is  emerging.</p>
<p>Voices of the Azerbaijani intelligentsia standing  against the war are unpopular, as peacebuilding is equated in public  wisdom with surrendering Karabakh to the Armenians. Those who advocate  peace need to see a readiness from the Armenian side to make steps  towards compromise – otherwise &#8220;peacebuilding&#8221; amounts to an acceptance  of defeat. Such signs of compromise are yet to emerge. The danger is  that it might be getting too late for them to be noticed.</p>
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		<title>Human rights abuses still blight North Caucasus</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29910/human-rights-abuses-still-blight-north-caucasus/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29910/human-rights-abuses-still-blight-north-caucasus/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 09 May 2010 18:01:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Derechos Humanos]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=29910</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Agnès Callamard</strong>, the executive director of <em>ARTICLE 19</em> (THE GUARDIAN, 09/05/10):</p>
<p>On 16 April this year, citizens of Chechnya had a new national  holiday to mark the one-year anniversary of the official <a title="Guardian: Russia ends anti-terrorism operations in Chechnya" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/16/russia-chechnya-anti-terrorism">end  to Russia&#8217;s counter-terrorist operations</a> in that country. There had  been high hopes that an end to the decade-long &#8220;war on terror&#8221; would  help to improve human rights there. In reality, as recent tragic events  in Moscow demonstrate, conditions continue to deteriorate, not only in  Chechnya, but across the entire North Caucasus region.</p>
<p>Far from  being the &#8220;peaceful developing territory&#8221; that President Ramzan Kadyrov  described recently, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29910/human-rights-abuses-still-blight-north-caucasus/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Agnès Callamard</strong>, the executive director of <em>ARTICLE 19</em> (THE GUARDIAN, 09/05/10):</p>
<p>On 16 April this year, citizens of Chechnya had a new national  holiday to mark the one-year anniversary of the official <a title="Guardian: Russia ends anti-terrorism operations in Chechnya" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/16/russia-chechnya-anti-terrorism">end  to Russia&#8217;s counter-terrorist operations</a> in that country. There had  been high hopes that an end to the decade-long &#8220;war on terror&#8221; would  help to improve human rights there. In reality, as recent tragic events  in Moscow demonstrate, conditions continue to deteriorate, not only in  Chechnya, but across the entire North Caucasus region.</p>
<p>Far from  being the &#8220;peaceful developing territory&#8221; that President Ramzan Kadyrov  described recently, Chechnya is plagued by a volatile and worsening  security situation. Separatist groups still clash intermittently with  government forces and Kadyrov&#8217;s regime has been accused of <a title="Human Rights Watch: Memorial, International Human Rights Groups  Return to Chechnya" href="http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/12/16/memorial-international-human-rights-groups-return-chechnya">pervasive human rights abuses</a>, including torture  and killings. This violence has also spread to neighbouring Ingushetia  and Dagestan. There are few investigations into attacks and even fewer  prosecutions, leading to a widespread culture of impunity.</p>
<p><a title="Article 19" href="http://www.article19.org/">Article 19</a>,  which campaigns globally for freedom of expression, has identified a  systematic trend of abuses, specifically violations of the right to  freedom of expression in the North Caucasus. This is exacerbated by the  worsening security situation.</p>
<p>These concerns were echoed by the  United Nations Human Rights Committee in October last year, when it  urged the Russian federal government to take immediate steps to protect  journalists and human rights defenders. The UN strongly recommended that  the Russian authorities ensure effective investigations and implement  proper measures to sanction perpetrators of abuse.</p>
<p>Violent attacks  on journalists and civil society representatives continued in the North  Caucasus throughout 2009. The <a title="Amnesty International: Human rights activist Natalia Estemirova  murdered in Russia" href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/human-rights-activist-natalia-estemirova-murdered-in-russia-20090716">murder of prominent human rights activist</a> Natalia Estemirova in July was widely reported and both the  international media and human rights communities mourn the loss of a  woman who so courageously documented abuses in Chechnya.</p>
<p>However,  there have been many others. Stanislav Markelov, a human rights lawyer  was killed in January 2009. Markelov had represented another journalist –  Anna Politkovskaya – whose own reporting on Chechan human rights abuses  may have cost her life. Another eminent Ingush civil society activist,  Maksharip Aushev, was <a title="Guardian: Opposition activist shot dead in Ingushetia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/25/opposition-activist-shot-dead-ingushetia">killed at  a roadblock</a> by unnamed armed men in October 2009.</p>
<p>There are  also three unsolved murders of broadcast journalists who had worked in  Dagestan – Ilyas Shurpayev, Gadzhi Abashilov and Telman Alishayev – for  which nobody has been convicted.</p>
<p>These attacks highlight once  again the enormous personal risks that activists and journalists take  when they monitor and report on human rights abuses in this part of the  world. The fact that the perpetrators of these crimes appear to enjoy  impunity due to a lack of effective investigation and prosecution  creates an additional chilling effect.</p>
<p>To make matters worse,  Article 19 also notes an increasing trend of legal harassment, which is  used to intimidate people who may be critical of the regime. Russia&#8217;s  antiextremism legislation, for example, is notoriously vague and its  broad definitions make it easy to abuse in the name of silencing  independent voices.</p>
<p>Particularly in the North Caucasus, the  intensifying violence means topics related to extremism and the  activities of law enforcement agencies have become very dangerous for  the media to cover.</p>
<p>There is a prolonged lawsuit to close  Chernovik, a Dagestani weekly newspaper based on <a title="Reuters: Russia's Dagestan closes newspaper for extremism" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL638299920080806">charges  of extremism</a> brought against several key staff. They are accused of  inciting hatred against a so-called &#8220;social group&#8221; (in this case, the  local police) and &#8220;justifying terrorism&#8221; after a series of articles  criticised the police and quoted a militant leader (now deceased).</p>
<p>In  these circumstances it is also worrying that Russia&#8217;s legislators are  currently considering legal amendments to allow the Federal Security  Service (FSB) to take &#8220;<a title="Radio Free Europe:  Preventative Measures " href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Preventative_Measures/2034477.html">preventive measures</a>&#8221;  against individuals suspected of engaging in &#8220;extremist&#8221; activity.  These amendments were presented to the State Duma, the lower house of  Russia&#8217;s federal parliament, on 24 April 2010. If adopted, they will  give the Federal Security Service powers to censor any publications  deemed to &#8220;aid extremists&#8221; or &#8220;appear undesirable&#8221;. The amendments also  propose fines and imprisonment for journalists and editors who do not  comply.</p>
<p>Acts of violence, harassment and intimidation erode the  possibility for a free press to maintain itself in these republics, both  because those attacks spread fear and because journalists depend on a  small number of determined and authoritative individuals for reliable  information. The Russian federal government is failing in its  obligations to protect human rights, and the right to free expression,  under international human rights law.</p>
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		<title>The Hardest Word</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29550/the-hardest-word-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29550/the-hardest-word-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 2010 14:16:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crímenes de guerra o contra la Humanidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ex Yugoslavia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Serbia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=29550</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Guénaël Mettraux</strong>, the author of <em>The Law of Command Responsibility</em> and represents defendants before international criminal tribunals (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 02/04/10):</p>
<p>While the U.S. House of Representatives might soon be considering a  resolution that would recognize the crimes committed by Turks against  Armenians in 1915 as genocide, the Serbian Parliament has just adopted a  resolution that provides an apology of sorts for the killing of Bosnian  Muslims from Srebrenica in July 1995 but eschews any reference to  “genocide.”</p>
<p>Intense political pressure has been at play in both cases to prevent  the adoption of the resolutions — or &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29550/the-hardest-word-2/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Guénaël Mettraux</strong>, the author of <em>The Law of Command Responsibility</em> and represents defendants before international criminal tribunals (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 02/04/10):</p>
<p>While the U.S. House of Representatives might soon be considering a  resolution that would recognize the crimes committed by Turks against  Armenians in 1915 as genocide, the Serbian Parliament has just adopted a  resolution that provides an apology of sorts for the killing of Bosnian  Muslims from Srebrenica in July 1995 but eschews any reference to  “genocide.”</p>
<p>Intense political pressure has been at play in both cases to prevent  the adoption of the resolutions — or at least to get any reference to  genocide out of them.</p>
<p>Supporters of these resolutions seem to think that legal accuracy is  essential to establishing the truth of what happened, and that genocide  is the crime that best describes what was done to the Armenian and  Bosnian victims.</p>
<p>Those opposing these efforts argue that while crimes might have been  committed, they were not genocidal in character. They fear that  labelling them as genocide might leave an irremovable stain on the  history of their nation.</p>
<p>It’s time for both sides to look beyond the law as a means of  resolving what  divides them.</p>
<p>The U.S. and Serbian resolutions reflect legitimate demands for  historical truth — what the author Milan Kundera has described as “the  struggle of memory against forgetting.” But the memory of past  atrocities does not depend on the  legal label that is pinned on them.  What must be recorded and remembered are the hard facts that define them  — in these two cases the murder or attempted murder of a nation.</p>
<p>By seeking to enlist international law in its support, the political  process behind these resolutions is condemning itself to a fruitless or  divisive result. Parliamentary debates are not the judicial or forensic  examinations that  allow the sort of legal and evidential evaluation  necessary to give a legal characterization to historical events.  Serbia’s resolution is intended as an act of political and national  contrition, while the proposed U.S. resolution is a belated  acknowledgement of a grave historical wrong.</p>
<p>There is no denying the power and symbolism of the word “genocide” to  victims for whom the expression might have come to reflect the horror  of their suffering. However, the suggestion that crimes of that sort can  only be properly recorded if they bear that label does not stand up to  scrutiny. After all, the crimes of the Nazi regime against European  Jewry and others were punished at Nuremberg as crimes against humanity  and as war crimes, not as  genocide.</p>
<p>The very proposition that legal concepts such as genocide could ever  adequately measure and reflect the intricacies of such  historical  events could itself be questioned. International criminal law, which  includes genocide, provides for ways to criminalize the conduct of  individuals who have taken  part in mass atrocities — not for passing  judgment on history.</p>
<p>Even if it were capable of this, the law is likely to provide some  support for both sides and might therefore contribute to grinding the  process of healing historical wounds to a slow and divisive ethnic or  religious standstill rather than to help resolve anything.</p>
<p>The debate surrounding the use of the word “genocide” has made the  nations involved  hostages of a legal issue that they seem unable to  resolve. Better, it seems, for them to focus on recording and  recognizing facts that are undeniable historical truths and leave the  debate over the legal characterization of these events for another day.  Future generations of Turks and Serbs would be grateful to have been  freed from the burden of explaining, defending or arguing over crimes  that they have no responsibility for.</p>
<p>To achieve that goal, however, the two resolutions need to leave no  doubt that the killing of Armenians in Turkey and of Bosnian Muslims in  Srebrenica were atrocities committed in the name of flawed ideologies  and by individuals who enjoyed the support of local or national  authorities.</p>
<p>While providing cause for hope, Serbia’s resolution falls short of  that ideal because while it records the crimes, it shies away from  discussing what caused them. In addition, avoiding the word “genocide”  should not serve as a way to promote a sort of distorted moral  equivalence between the crimes committed by both sides.</p>
<p>If they meet these standards, the resolutions would draw a line under  painful common historical events and could contribute to making the  memory of these events something that binds rather than divides.</p>
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		<title>In Azerbaijan, voices for democracy strive to be heard</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29490/in-azerbaijan-voices-for-democracy-strive-to-be-heard/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29490/in-azerbaijan-voices-for-democracy-strive-to-be-heard/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 2010 05:00:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Azerbaiyán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=29490</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ali Karimli</strong>, chairman of the Popular Front Party of Azerbaijan and co-founder of Azadlig (Freedom) Political Bloc of Opposition Parties (THE WASHINGTON POST, 02/04/10):</p>
<p>Many Americans may know my country, Azerbaijan, for its oil wealth or  for its conflict with Armenia over the territory of Nagorno Karabakh. A <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/04/AR2010030405390.html">March 5 article in The Post</a> portrayed a nation whose  ruling family appears to own $75 million worth of luxury villas in  Dubai. Few of us in Azerbaijan were surprised by a report that President  Ilham Aliyev&#8217;s family apparently invests assets abroad. What else  should be expected from a leader &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29490/in-azerbaijan-voices-for-democracy-strive-to-be-heard/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ali Karimli</strong>, chairman of the Popular Front Party of Azerbaijan and co-founder of Azadlig (Freedom) Political Bloc of Opposition Parties (THE WASHINGTON POST, 02/04/10):</p>
<p>Many Americans may know my country, Azerbaijan, for its oil wealth or  for its conflict with Armenia over the territory of Nagorno Karabakh. A <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/04/AR2010030405390.html">March 5 article in The Post</a> portrayed a nation whose  ruling family appears to own $75 million worth of luxury villas in  Dubai. Few of us in Azerbaijan were surprised by a report that President  Ilham Aliyev&#8217;s family apparently invests assets abroad. What else  should be expected from a leader who inherited power from his father  through fraudulent elections?</p>
<p>Aliyev&#8217;s brutal crackdown on the opposition and independent media began  with <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/16/world/cries-of-foul-as-azerbaijan-decides-on-a-son.html">his election in October 2003</a>. Thousands of Azeris  protesting the transfer of power &#8212; more succession than an election &#8212;  were arrested and beaten. As opposition supporters languished in jail,  then-deputy U.S. Secretary of State Richard Armitage phoned Aliyev to  congratulate him on his &#8220;landslide&#8221; victory. Democratic voices of  protest were stifled by the blows of police batons. Western powers were  eager to work with a new leader they viewed as young and progressive.</p>
<p>Nearly two years later, on the eve of the 2005 parliamentary elections,  Azeri democrats inspired by the support Western nations had given to the  Rose and Orange democratic revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine decided  to again challenge Aliyev&#8217;s authoritarian regime. Events unfortunately  played out along now-familiar lines: The government falsified election  results; opposition protests were crushed; yet Washington praised the  work of Azerbaijan&#8217;s Constitutional Court, which had just approved false  election results.</p>
<p>Aliyev apparently interpreted the international community&#8217;s silence as  carte blanche to turn a country with long-standing democratic traditions  into a fiefdom. The government evicted major opposition parties from  their centrally located headquarters. Independent media also felt the  wrath. <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05EFDF103DF930A35750C0A9639C8B63">One outspoken editor of an opposition magazine was fatally  shot in March 2005</a>; several others received harsh prison sentences  on trumped-up charges.</p>
<p>There was a time when Azerbaijan&#8217;s future looked promising. In the  1980s, Azerbaijan was at the forefront of the democratic movements that  led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1992, we held our first  democratic elections. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2000/aug/26/guardianobituaries.jonathansteele">Abulfaz Elchibey</a>, leader of the Popular Front, won 59  percent of the vote. Elchibey viewed himself as a political heir to the  founders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. Azerbaijan was  the first nation in the Muslim world to establish a parliamentary  democracy that granted universal suffrage, preceding many Western  countries.</p>
<p>But these days, the only vote that counts is that of Ilham Aliyev. After  &#8220;winning&#8221; his second presidential term last year, in an election with  no viable opposition alternative, Aliyev and his rubber-stamp parliament  conspired to change the constitution, through a referendum, to lift  term limits on the presidency.</p>
<p>The next parliamentary elections are to be held in November. The  democratic opposition is once again preparing to challenge the regime.  While there are no indications that the government&#8217;s behavior will  differ from that of years past, we have decided to participate in the  election process because we recognize that this is our chance to fight  for our ideals.</p>
<p>Our platform is simple: We intend to establish a functional democracy in  our country. Azerbaijan has a resourceful populace, and we can and must  decrease our nation&#8217;s dependence on oil. We must break the economic  monopolies controlled by corrupt officials. Our goal is to establish a  free, market-based economy. We want Azerbaijan to integrate into the  Euro-Atlantic community of nations, ending its status as a satellite of  autocratic Russia.</p>
<p>As we continue our struggle for freedom, it is vital that the United  States pursue appropriate action with regard to the largest nation in  the South Caucasus. Bilateral relations have long been based on  cooperation on energy, security and democratic development. Sadly, many  Azeris see U.S. policy as driven by energy interests and the global war  against terrorism. To us, it seems that democracy gets short shrift. We  hope the Obama administration will make clear to Azerbaijan&#8217;s leader  that democratic reforms and human rights are a priority in U.S.-Azeri  relations.</p>
<p>American policymakers should have learned from countries in the Middle  East and other areas that authoritarian, corrupt regimes do not make  reliable allies. Nor is their &#8220;stability&#8221; based on the consent of the  governed. The democratic opposition in Azerbaijan does not seek  intervention or financial assistance from the United States. What we  need is the moral support of an America that stands by its own values.</p>
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		<title>Putin y el terrorismo checheno</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29450/putin-y-el-terrorismo-checheno/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29450/putin-y-el-terrorismo-checheno/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Mar 2010 20:46:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorismo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Jesús López-Medel </strong>, abogado del Estado y  ex presidente de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Democracia de la  Asamblea de la OSCE. Es  autor del libro <em>La larga conquista de la  libertad, 15 estados tras  la URSS en busca de su identidad</em> (EL MUNDO, 30/03/10):</p>
<p>Las víctimas. A ellas  hay que dedicarle nuestro primer pensamiento tras un acto terrorista.  Ellas, sus familias, el pueblo que lo sufre y el Estado que los  representa. Vaya un afectuoso abrazo para Rusia y la solidaridad de un  pueblo como el español, que ha padecido una larga historia de  sufrimiento provocada por &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29450/putin-y-el-terrorismo-checheno/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Jesús López-Medel </strong>, abogado del Estado y  ex presidente de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y Democracia de la  Asamblea de la OSCE. Es  autor del libro <em>La larga conquista de la  libertad, 15 estados tras  la URSS en busca de su identidad</em> (EL MUNDO, 30/03/10):</p>
<p>Las víctimas. A ellas  hay que dedicarle nuestro primer pensamiento tras un acto terrorista.  Ellas, sus familias, el pueblo que lo sufre y el Estado que los  representa. Vaya un afectuoso abrazo para Rusia y la solidaridad de un  pueblo como el español, que ha padecido una larga historia de  sufrimiento provocada por los criminales que, en nombre de unas ideas  marcadas por el odio -aparentemente y siempre sin excusa-, cubiertas de  identidades nacionalistas, políticas o religiosas, han dejado mucha  sangre.</p>
<p>De nuevo Rusia volvió a sufrir ayer un doble atentado: a hora  punta, en el metro de Moscú, y que ha costado la vida de al menos 38  personas. Una muestra más de que uno de los mayores retos de nuestro  mundo es acabar con el terrorismo, que no conoce fronteras, cualquiera  que fuesen los pretextos o falacias que emplee.</p>
<p>En casi año y medio conmemoraremos la desaparición de la  antigua URSS. A esa entidad la sustituyeron 15 estados y numerosos  conflictos congelados. Entre ellos, los que son objeto de litigio entre  países o han quedado en tierra de nadie, en los cuales el tiempo se ha  detenido y han quedado aislados de su contexto. En Nagorno-Karabaj  (Azerbaiyán y Armenia), Trasnitria (Moldavia), Absajia de Sur  (Georgia)&#8230; se dan situaciones muy complejas de resolver. Sin embargo,  es toda la zona caucásica la que concentra el principal problema de lo  que fue un gran imperio y que magistralmente describió Kapuscinski. Allí  no es tanto una cuestión congelada sino un volcán que periódicamente  vomita muerte y desolación.</p>
<p>La tensión bélica que estalló entre Georgia y Rusia en agosto  de 2008 es sólo la punta del iceberg de lo que azota latentemente a la  zona caucásica. En ella nos encontramos varias regiones en las que choca  su identidad oficial (la rusa) con las aspiraciones de un sector de la  población que usa las armas como lucha para conseguir sus objetivos. Es  el caso especial de Chechenia.</p>
<p>La utilización de la violencia bélica es lo que resulta  despreciables e ignominioso. La violencia nunca jamás esta justificada.  Si en algún momento cualquier motivo noble pasa a ser defendido con el  terrorismo, pierde toda justificación. Lo dicho vale, sin duda, para el  atentado de Moscú. Sobre la autoría, tendrá que investigarse con  seriedad pero las primeras impresiones apuntan a los terroristas  chechenos. Pero debe investigarse.</p>
<p>En cualquier caso, la severa condena que merecen las bombas  en el magnífico metro moscovita no debe dejar a un lado las necesarias  reflexiones. Es indudable que en parte el odio que llega desde Chechenia  hacia Moscú ha tenido una base en las extralimitaciones del Kremlin en  la lucha contra el terrorismo de origen caucásico. Se han aplicado sólo  medidas contraterroristas y ninguna de carácter político.</p>
<p>Los que en varias ocasiones hemos censurado los excesos y  aberraciones que la Administración  Bush aplicó como reacción a los  atentados en territorio estadounidense, también aplicamos los mismos  parámetros de exigencia de racionalidad, proporcionalidad y mínimo  respeto de derechos humanos en lo que es la lucha antiterrorista en  cualquier lugar del mundo. Y mi repugnancia por el criminal atentado de  ayer en Moscú no puede quebrar la voz del recordatorio.</p>
<p>Ser ecuánime requiere ser sincero en la visión de lo que  acontece. Algunas de esas voces que denunciaban esos excesos, como era  de modo especial la de Anna Politovskaya, fueron acalladas para siempre,  pero sus denuncias están hoy más vivas que nunca. No obstante, los  excesos de Moscú no justifican en ningún caso acciones como las de ayer  en el metro.</p>
<p>En los últimos años, desde Rusia se logró debilitar a las  fuerzas terroristas chechenas, apuntando directamente a sus cabecillas.  Pero la serpiente aprovecha cualquier ocasión para volver a hacerse  fuerte. Ahora lo ha demostrado. Acierta Medvedev lanzando una guerra  total contra el terrorismo. El pueblo ruso busca siempre seguridades. De  ahí una de las claves del éxito de Putin frente a Yeltsin. La  ciudadanía de ese país no tiene dudas y prefiere sacrificar algunas de  sus libertades para conseguir recuperar las seguridades a las que estaba  acostumbrada en la etapa soviética.</p>
<p>Rusia vive una etapa de recuperación y de prosperidad desde  que asumió las riendas (y no las ha dejado) el ex miembro de la KGB. El  respaldo popular es alto, pero eso no significa que deban acallarse las  denuncias sobre derechos humanos por encima de ciertos tics regresivos y  nostálgicos, que chocan con la idea de modernidad que se quiere  trasmitir.</p>
<p>Por esa razón, desde el total apoyo a la lucha contra el  terrorismo lanzada por el Kremlin, no debemos dejar de advertir que ello  no puede ser una coartada para políticas más regresivas de derechos. No  todo vale. España, que es el primer país europeo que ha sufrido una  masacre terrorista colectiva, luchó y lucha contra este fenómeno sólo  desde las medidas que admite el Estado de Derecho.</p>
<p>Y una última reflexión sobre la firma entre Obama y Medvedev  del nuevo acuerdo sobre desarme nuclear. El presidente de EEUU ha traído  consigo una idea menos belicista que su antecesor y un trato hacia  Rusia no de rival, sino de aliado. El magnífico discurso que pronunció  en Praga hace un año nos llevó a algunos a apostar por Obama y Medvedev  como los grandes protagonistas de la reducción de arsenales. Ojalá que  lo acontecido ahora no sirva para detener ese esfuerzo.</p>
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		<title>La Maison Blanche, le génocide arménien et les protocoles arméno-turcs</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29228/la-maison-blanche-le-genocide-armenien-et-les-protocoles-armeno-turcs/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29228/la-maison-blanche-le-genocide-armenien-et-les-protocoles-armeno-turcs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 19:15:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crímenes de guerra o contra la Humanidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Jules Boyadjian</strong>, rédacteur en chef du journal Haïastan, Arménie (LE MONDE, 11/03/10):</p>
<p>Le 4 mars 2010, la commission des affaires étrangères de la Chambre des  représentants des Etats-Unis a adopté par 23 voix contre 22 la  résolution H.Res.252 portant reconnaissance du génocide arménien. Ce  vote traduit incontestablement une volonté légitime des congressistes de  condamner la politique négationniste conduite par Ankara et de  restaurer l&#8217;une des pages les plus sombres de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;Humanité.  Mais l&#8217;attitude du département d&#8217;Etat américain, incarnée par la  secrétaire d&#8217;Etat, Hillary Clinton, dévoile la réelle signification  des deux protocoles signés le 10 octobre 2009 &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29228/la-maison-blanche-le-genocide-armenien-et-les-protocoles-armeno-turcs/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Jules Boyadjian</strong>, rédacteur en chef du journal Haïastan, Arménie (LE MONDE, 11/03/10):</p>
<p>Le 4 mars 2010, la commission des affaires étrangères de la Chambre des  représentants des Etats-Unis a adopté par 23 voix contre 22 la  résolution H.Res.252 portant reconnaissance du génocide arménien. Ce  vote traduit incontestablement une volonté légitime des congressistes de  condamner la politique négationniste conduite par Ankara et de  restaurer l&#8217;une des pages les plus sombres de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;Humanité.  Mais l&#8217;attitude du département d&#8217;Etat américain, incarnée par la  secrétaire d&#8217;Etat, Hillary Clinton, dévoile la réelle signification  des deux protocoles signés le 10 octobre 2009 par les présidents Gül et  Sarkissian censés entériner le rapprochement arméno-turc. Les masques  sont désormais tombés.</p>
<p>Tout au long de ce processus ayant aboutit au vote du 4 mars, le  département d&#8217;Etat, hautement impliqué dans la médiation arméno-turque  et la rédaction de ces fameux protocoles, a ostensiblement aligné sa  position concernant la résolution H.Res.252 sur l&#8217;évolution de ce  rapprochement. D&#8217;autant que la procédure patine faute d&#8217;avoir dissipé le  trouble sur la question éminemment importante du génocide arménien,  tout en ayant introduit dans ces protocoles une commission bilatérale à  vocation historique, dont le périmètre obscur laissait penser qu&#8217;il  s&#8217;agirait en définitive d&#8217;un énième stratagème pour enfouir la vérité  pourtant attestée par déjà tant de recherches universitaires et  historiques.</p>
<p>La Cour constitutionnelle arménienne pensait lever les doutes en  rappelant, dans son examen des protocoles, un article de la Déclaration  d&#8217;indépendance arménienne faisant explicitement référence au génocide  arménien. Elle n&#8217;imaginait sans doute pas qu&#8217;elle déclencherait l&#8217;ire du  gouvernement turc, accusant l&#8217;Arménie de trahir l&#8217;esprit des protocoles  et annonçant qu&#8217;elle ne ratifierait pas ces textes. Quant à la Maison Blanche, elle maintenait le trouble sur ce  qu&#8217;il fallait percevoir  de ces protocoles, en faisant savoir par  l&#8217;intermédiaire de son ambassadeur en Turquie, James Jeffrey, qu&#8217;elle soutenait la décision de la  Cour constitutionnelle arménienne. Beaucoup en furent décontenancés.</p>
<p>Au même moment, l&#8217;administration américaine se distinguait par une  remarquable discrétion au sujet de la résolution H.Res.252, une attitude  qui put être considérée initialement comme un soutien à cette  reconnaissance. Elle fut en réalité l&#8217;expression d&#8217;une sanction au refus  par la Turquie de ratifier ces protocoles. La requête de Barack Obama à son homologue Abdullah Gül d&#8217;annoncer la mise sur agenda de ces  protocoles au Parlement turc pour faire barrage au vote de la commission  de la résolution H.Res.252 en fut la parfaite illustration, au même  titre que l&#8217;annonce faite par Hillary Clinton, au lendemain du vote, de  sa ferme intention de faire échouer l&#8217;adoption en session plénière de  cette résolution au motif que les Etats-Unis privilégiaient le processus  enclenché par la signature des protocoles. Dès lors le piège se  referma, faisant apparaître au grand jour la stratégie sous-jacente à  ces protocoles d&#8217;isolement et de confinement de la cause arménienne.</p>
<p>Quant au gouvernement turc, sa réaction épidermique à l&#8217;annonce d&#8217;un  vote en commission de cette résolution attesta une fois de plus de son  entêtement à entretenir une politique négationniste active. Mais aux  sempiternelles annonces de représailles économique, industrielle,  diplomatique et militaire, auxquelles la Maison Blanche reste très  attentive, fut ajouté un argument plus insidieux opposant à la volonté  américaine de reconnaître le génocide l&#8217;introduction prévue par ces  protocoles d&#8217;une commission d&#8217;historiens entre les deux pays. Mais  concevoir cette commission, laquelle devint le meilleur argument opposé  là où la reconnaissance du génocide arménien fut engagée, comme une  issue vers l&#8217;admission par la Turquie du passé génocidaire de l&#8217;Empire  ottoman relève de l&#8217;absurdité. Que les Etats-Unis s&#8217;y soient laissés  prendre suppose un jésuitisme forcené ou, pis, une complaisance voire  une compromission du département d&#8217;Etat envers la politique  négationniste d&#8217;Ankara. Pour autant, l&#8217;opposition de la Maison Blanche à  cette résolution n&#8217;est pas incohérente avec une certaine conception des  protocoles, qui s&#8217;imposera si effectivement l&#8217;équipe du président  américain réussit à contraindre Nancy Pelosi, présidente du Congrès, pourtant  fidèle alliée de la cause arménienne, à ne pas présenter cette  résolution en session plénière de la Chambre des représentants.</p>
<p>Si cette réalité advenait, elle laisserait en suspens une  interrogation : comment concevoir une réconciliation fondée sur un déni  de crime de génocide ? Une hypothèse inconcevable suscitant une  inquiétude sur la perspective de réconciliation. Là encore, Washington  pourrait apporter une réponse efficace. En revenant sur ses intentions à  l&#8217;encontre de cette résolution, en laissant un vote se dérouler en  session plénière, alors l&#8217;administration américaine briserait l&#8217;étau  dans lequel elle a précipité la cause arménienne. Mieux, Barack Obama,  le président prix Nobel de la paix, celui s&#8217;étant fait le garant des  valeurs humanistes, pourrait lors des prochaines commémorations du  génocide arménien, le 24 avril, adresser un message fort à la Turquie,  en employant enfin le terme de génocide pour définir les événements de  1915. Dans le cas contraire, l&#8217;Arménie devrait en tirer toutes les  conséquences et se retirer de ce processus voué à l&#8217;échec. Et la Maison  Blanche perdrait une occasion unique de contribuer à un authentique  mouvement de réconciliation, le seul pouvant aboutir à une réelle  pacification et la perspective d&#8217;un avenir commun entre Turcs et  Arméniens, celui fondé sur la reconnaissance inconditionnelle et la  réparation légitime du génocide arménien.</p>
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		<title>Bad things happen when empires fall apart</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29193/bad-things-happen-when-empires-fall-apart/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2010 22:22:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crímenes de guerra o contra la Humanidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=29193</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Norman Stone</strong>, Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the University of Oxford and head of the Russian-Turkish Institute at Bilkent University, Ankara (THE TIMES, 08/03/10):</p>
<p>The best thing said about the Armenian tragedy was a sermon delivered in  the  main church in Constantinople in 1894, more than 20 years before it  happened. Patriarch Ashikyan had this to say: “We have lived with the  Turks  for a thousand years, have greatly flourished, are nowhere in this  empire in  a majority of the population. If the nationalists go on like this [they  had  started a terrorist campaign] they will ruin &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/29193/bad-things-happen-when-empires-fall-apart/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Norman Stone</strong>, Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the University of Oxford and head of the Russian-Turkish Institute at Bilkent University, Ankara (THE TIMES, 08/03/10):</p>
<p>The best thing said about the Armenian tragedy was a sermon delivered in  the  main church in Constantinople in 1894, more than 20 years before it  happened. Patriarch Ashikyan had this to say: “We have lived with the  Turks  for a thousand years, have greatly flourished, are nowhere in this  empire in  a majority of the population. If the nationalists go on like this [they  had  started a terrorist campaign] they will ruin the nation.”</p>
<p>That Patriarch was quite right, and the nationalists shot him (and many  other  notables who were saying the same thing).</p>
<p>Now a US Congressional committee has had its say, by voting to recognise  as  “genocide” the mass killing of Armenians by Turkish forces that began in   1915, during the First World War.</p>
<p>Is the committee right? When the First World War broke out there were  Armenian  uprisings and the Patriarch’s fears were realised. The population in  much of  the territory of today’s Turkey was deported in cruel circumstances that  led  to much murder and pillage.</p>
<p>But genocide? No, if by that you mean the sort of thing Hitler did. The  Armenian leader was offered a job in the government in October 1914 to  sort  things out (he refused on the ground that his Turkish was not up to it).  The  Turks themselves put 1,600 men on trial for what had happened and  executed a  governor. The British had the run of the Turkish archives for four years   after 1918 and failed to find incriminating documents. Armenians in the  main  cities were not touched. Documents did indeed turn up in 1920, but they  turned out to be preposterous forgeries, written on the stationery of a  French school.</p>
<p>You cannot really describe this as genocide. Horrors, of course,  happened but  these same horrors were visited upon millions of Muslims (and Jews) as  the  Ottoman Empire receded in the Caucasus and the Balkans. Half of its  urban  population came from those regions and, in many cases, the disasters of  their families occurred at Armenian hands.</p>
<p>Diasporas jump up and down in the politics of the United States — as an  American friend says of them, when they cross the Atlantic, they do not  change country, they change planet.</p>
<p><em>Braveheart</em> is, for the Scottish me, a dreadful embarrassment. I  have to  explain to Kurdish taxi drivers that the whole film is wicked tosh that  just  causes idiots in Edinburgh to paint their faces and to hate the English,   whereas there cannot be a single family in Scotland that does not have  cousins in England.</p>
<p>But what will be the effect of the resolution in Turkey? The answer is  that it  will be entirely counterproductive. Yes, the end of the Ottoman Empire  was a  terrible time, as the end of empires generally are: take the Punjab in  1947,  for instance.</p>
<p>Disease, starvation and massacre carried off a third of the population  of  eastern Turkey, regardless of their origin. But of all the states that  succeeded the Ottoman Empire, Turkey is by far the most successful; you  just  have to look at its vital statistics to see as much, starting with male  life  expectancy which not so long ago was a decade longer than Russia’s.</p>
<p>Turkey is in the unusual position of doing rather well. She has survived  the  financial mess, her banks having had a drubbing some years before, and  exports are humming. The Turks are not quite used to this, and this  shows  with the present Government, which (as the Prime Minister’s unfortunate  anti-Israeli outburst at Davos a year ago showed) can on occasion be  triumphalist.</p>
<p>This Government has been remarkably successful, not least in getting rid  of  the preposterous currency inflation that made tourists laugh, but it  should  not be allowed to forget the bases of Turkey’s emergence: the strength  of  the Western connection, the link with the IMF, the presence in the West  of  tens of thousands of Turkish students, many of them very able.</p>
<p>However, every Turk knows that, during the First World War, horrible  things  happened, and for Congress to single out the Armenians is regarded in  Turkey  simply as an insult.</p>
<p>The Turkish media is full of tales about the resolution, and there has  been a  great deal of dark muttering about it. There are Turks who agree that  the  killings amounted to genocide, and there has been an uncomfortable book,   Fuat Dundar’s <em>The Code of Modern Turkey</em>, as some of the  government at the time did indeed think of ethnic homogeneity (though  not  the killing of children).</p>
<p>But the dominant tone is more or less of contempt: who are these people,  to  orate about events a century ago in a country that most of them could  not  find on the map? It all joins with resentment at US doings in Iraq, and  in  the popular mind gets confused with the Swiss vote against minarets or  Europe’s ridiculous admission of Greek Cyprus to their Union.</p>
<p>In practice the Turks are being alienated, and will be encouraged to  think  that the West is doing another version of the Crusades, that “the only  friend of the Turk is the Turk”, and other nationalist nonsense of a  similar  sort. Nowadays Turkey does not need the Western link as before: trade  and  investment have been switching towards Russia and Central Asia; the  Chinese  are quite active in Ankara. Is that what we want to achieve, in a  country  that is otherwise the best advertisement for the West that anyone could  have  imagined back in 1950?</p>
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		<title>Armenia and Turkey: The truce in need of a rescue</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28810/armenia-and-turkey-the-truce-in-need-of-a-rescue/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28810/armenia-and-turkey-the-truce-in-need-of-a-rescue/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 20:17:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=28810</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Henri J. Barkey</strong>, a professor of international relations at Lehigh University and a visiting senior scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where <strong>Thomas de Waal</strong> is a senior associate on the Caucasus (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 05/02/10):</p>
<p>For a while, it looked like the start of a great reconciliation. Armenia and Turkey have lived beneath the vast shadow of the mass murder of Armenians in eastern Turkey during World War I, and to this day they maintain no diplomatic ties. But in October, the Armenian and Turkish foreign ministers met in Switzerland and signed two protocols to &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28810/armenia-and-turkey-the-truce-in-need-of-a-rescue/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Henri J. Barkey</strong>, a professor of international relations at Lehigh University and a visiting senior scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where <strong>Thomas de Waal</strong> is a senior associate on the Caucasus (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 05/02/10):</p>
<p>For a while, it looked like the start of a great reconciliation. Armenia and Turkey have lived beneath the vast shadow of the mass murder of Armenians in eastern Turkey during World War I, and to this day they maintain no diplomatic ties. But in October, the Armenian and Turkish foreign ministers met in Switzerland and signed two protocols to set up relations, open their common border &#8212; closed since 1993 &#8212; and begin addressing the painful disputes that divide them. Each nation&#8217;s governments must still ratify the agreements. The United States, with its large Armenian American community and strategic alliance with Turkey, threw its weight behind the deal.</p>
<p>But this great truce is already in need of a rescue, and if it breaks down, we will end up in a worse place than where we started. In January, Turkey showed signs of having cold feet. Its foreign ministry objected to a judgment by the Armenian constitutional court supporting the protocols on the grounds that they are consistent with the founding principles of the state, which commit it to pursuing recognition of the 1915 killings as genocide.</p>
<p>The endorsement of the court, which the U.S. government welcomed, actually opens the way for the Armenian parliament to ratify the protocols. Turkey&#8217;s move was a fairly transparent device to put the brakes on the process.</p>
<p>Why is Turkey trying to backtrack? Its government agreed to the protocols, in part because it wanted to prevent the U.S. administration and Congress from passing a resolution describing the Armenian massacres as genocide. But Ankara was surprised by the vehemence of the opposition the deal generated both at home and in its ally, Azerbaijan, which lost a conflict with the Armenians over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh in the early 1990s.</p>
<p>The text of the protocols does not explicitly mention Nagorno-Karabakh, but the dispute looms large in the background. Turkey originally shut the border with Armenia in 1993; the Armenians captured an Azerbaijani province during the Nagorno-Karabakh war. When the accord was signed last year, the Turks hoped that there would be a breakthrough in the peace talks over the conflict, but that hope is fading. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has boxed himself in by proclaiming that the protocols will not be implemented until Armenia withdraws from occupied Azerbaijani territory.</p>
<p>A rapprochement would be good news for Armenia, which would see its main border to the West opened and an end to years of regional isolation. Yet Armenian President Serge Sarkisian also faces unexpectedly strong opposition. In the diaspora, there are loud complaints that the provisions to confirm the existing Armenian-Turkish border and set up a joint historians&#8217; commission on the massacres relieve pressure on Ankara to own up to the Armenian genocide.</p>
<p>Yet the world would never tolerate a redrawing of Turkey&#8217;s borders &#8212; even Josef Stalin failed to accomplish that in the flush of victory over the Nazis in 1945 &#8212; and the Turkish government is unlikely to recognize the Armenian genocide with a gun pressed to its head. Turkey&#8217;s own growing internal debate about the crimes of 1915 is a much surer road to their eventual acknowledgment than political lobbying from abroad.</p>
<p>On the Armenian side, it would be political suicide for Sarkisian to make a major concession over Nagorno-Karabakh &#8212; such as a unilateral withdrawal from occupied Azerbaijani land. Yet it is not unreasonable for the Turks to expect some progress. After all, they closed the Armenian border in solidarity with their Azerbaijani brethren, who would be furious if it were reopened without any move forward on the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute. At the very least, Azerbaijan could retaliate by charging the Turks higher gas prices and favoring Russian export routes over the Nabucco gas pipeline projected to traverse Turkey en route to Europe.</p>
<p>Allowing these protocols to fail would unleash a destructive chain of events. An aggrieved U.S. Congress might press ahead with a genocide resolution, a move that would provoke a strong anti-American backlash in Turkey. The already faltering peace process over the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict &#8212; the major issue impeding peaceful development in the South Caucasus &#8212; would be hit hard, and calls for war could resume in Azerbaijan.</p>
<p>But Armenia can take smaller steps to break the deadlock. Owing to the geography of this region, everyone suffers. Azerbaijan also has an isolated territory that suffers economically &#8212; the exclave of Nakhichevan, separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by an unfriendly Armenia, its road and rail links severed. As a gesture of goodwill, the Yerevan government could take steps to ease the blockade of Nakhichevan in parallel with the opening of the Armenian-Turkish border. The Armenians could also begin work on rehabilitating the long-defunct railway line that once connected Azerbaijan, Armenia, Nakhichevan and Turkey. It is a sad symbol of the closed borders and suspicions that cripple this region, but one day it could be a major east-west transport route. The Turks would be wise to hail such an initiative as a success and move on with ratifying the protocols.</p>
<p>More broadly, better relations with Armenia offer Turkey a chance to lift the burden of history from its shoulders. Turkey&#8217;s ambitious foreign policy, with its goal of &#8220;zero problems with its neighbors&#8221; and becoming the central power in its region, will come to nothing if its enmity with Armenia endures. Tiny Armenia may be dwarfed by Turkey&#8217;s size and clout, but it can lay claim to a moral imperative.</p>
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		<title>Incremento de la violencia islamista en el Norte del Cáucaso</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28197/incremento-de-la-violencia-islamista-en-el-norte-del-caucaso/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2009 21:35:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorismo]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=28197</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Pedro Baños Bajo</strong>, Teniente coronel, profesor de Estrategia y Relaciones Internacionales de la Escuela Superior de las Fuerzas Armadas, CESEDEN (REAL INSTITITO ELCANO, 16/12/09):</p>
<p><strong>Tema: </strong>Tras el anuncio de Moscú, en abril pasado, del cese de las operaciones antiterroristas en Chechenia, se ha experimentado un espectacular aumento de la violencia asociada al radicalismo islámico en el Norte del Cáucaso. Nada hace pensar en una remisión a corto plazo.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen:</strong> Aunqueno acostumbre a ser titular de los periódicos europeos, la violencia islamista en el Norte del Cáucaso no ha dejado de incrementarse de modo significativo desde que el pasado &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28197/incremento-de-la-violencia-islamista-en-el-norte-del-caucaso/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Pedro Baños Bajo</strong>, Teniente coronel, profesor de Estrategia y Relaciones Internacionales de la Escuela Superior de las Fuerzas Armadas, CESEDEN (REAL INSTITITO ELCANO, 16/12/09):</p>
<p><strong>Tema: </strong>Tras el anuncio de Moscú, en abril pasado, del cese de las operaciones antiterroristas en Chechenia, se ha experimentado un espectacular aumento de la violencia asociada al radicalismo islámico en el Norte del Cáucaso. Nada hace pensar en una remisión a corto plazo.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen:</strong> Aunqueno acostumbre a ser titular de los periódicos europeos, la violencia islamista en el Norte del Cáucaso no ha dejado de incrementarse de modo significativo desde que el pasado 16 de abril las autoridades rusas anunciaran el fin de las operaciones antiterroristas en Chechenia. A pesar de la fuerte ayuda económica y política del gobierno central a las autoridades locales, así como del proceso de islamización oficial llevado a cabo por éstas, con la finalidad reducir la violencia islamista, los enfrentamientos se suceden a diario entre las fuerzas de seguridad y los rebeldes. El escenario se va ampliando, no limitándose ya a Chechenia, sino que se extiende rápidamente a las otras repúblicas colindantes, especialmente a Ingushetia y Daguestán. Dadas las deficientes condiciones socio-económicas de la zona, así como las permanentes denuncias de abusos por parte de las autoridades locales, todo apunta a que la violencia puede continuar aumentando, siendo muy complejo ponerle coto.</p>
<p><strong>Análisis</strong></p>
<p><em>Introducción</em></p>
<p>Con el argumento de que por fin se daban las condiciones propicias de estabilidad y de encaminamiento hacia la consolidación de la paz y el progreso, el 16 de abril de 2009 el presidente del Comité Nacional Antiterrorista de Rusia y director del Servicio Federal de Seguridad (FSB, ex-KGB), Alexander Bortnikov, anunciaba la supresión del decreto que imponía la operación antiterrorista que se había venido desarrollando durante los últimos 10 años en la República de Chechenia. Inmediatamente, el presidente checheno, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" target="_blank">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>, declaraba que esta renuncia, que llevaba asociada el repliegue de buena parte de los 20.000 soldados rusos destacados en la zona, significaba que Grony había ganado el pulso que mantenía con Moscú. Teóricamente suponía el fin de un enfrentamiento que había durado quince años, desde que en 1994 comenzara la primera de las guerras chechenas, con un balance estimado en al menos 150.000 chechenos muertos o desaparecidos, medio millón de desplazados y 22.000 soldados rusos fallecidos (sólo la mitad son reconocidos oficialmente por el Kremlin). A partir de ese momento, la responsabilidad de hacer frente a los considerados como muy bajos niveles de violencia residuales pasaría a manos de las fuerzas de seguridad locales, en condiciones similares a cómo se desarrolla en otras entidades de la Federación Rusa la lucha antiterrorista.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, desde entonces, la espiral de violencia ha escalado a altísimos niveles, destacando especialmente los atentados suicidas, prácticamente desconocidos desde los tiempos de los enfrentamientos más virulentos. La extensión de la violencia ya afecta hasta la comparativamente tranquila República de Kabardino-Balkaria, donde recientemente se han producido atentados contra la infraestructura, en un intento de impedir el desarrollo económico.</p>
<p><em>Antecedentes</em></p>
<p>El Cáucaso del Norte, también conocido como Ciscaucasia, está diferenciado del Cáucaso del Sur (Georgia, Armenia y Azerbaiyán) no sólo físicamente, sino también por historia y cultura. En total, esta parte de Rusia se extiende a lo largo y ancho de una superficie de 254.300 kilómetros cuadrados –la mitad de España–, en donde habitan casi 14 millones de personas.</p>
<p>En cuanto a la aceptación histórica de la presencia rusa, el Cáucaso del Norte puede dividirse en dos zonas perfectamente diferenciadas. Por un lado, la parte occidental, próxima al mar Negro, que ha tradicionalmente aceptado mayoritariamente a los rusos. Tan sólo en la república de Karachai-Cherkesia existe un cierto movimiento opositor. Por otro lado, la parte oriental (Daguestán, Chechenia, Ingushetia y Osetia del Norte), orientada hacia el Mar Caspio, en donde la resistencia hacia la presencia rusa ha sido siempre muy fuerte, desde que fuera islamizada en el siglo XVIII, destacando la fiereza de los chechenos.</p>
<p>A su vez, en el caso concreto de Chechenia, se puede hablar de dos partes físicas claramente diferenciadas. Una es la formada por las llanuras, donde se localizan las zonas industrializadas, principalmente relacionadas con el petróleo, y en donde el sentimiento antirruso es menos acusado. La otra son partes montañosas, muchas de ellas prácticamente inaccesibles, en donde durante más de 150 años se han hecho fuertes los musulmanes rebeldes.</p>
<p>En esta zona, Moscú ha hecho grandes esfuerzos por captar apoyos en su favor, habiéndolo conseguido en Osetia del Norte, y parcialmente en Ingushetia (2.700 km2), mucho más rusificadas. A su vez, osetos e ingushetios están enfrentados por reivindicaciones territoriales de cuando los primeros, aprovechando la deportación de los segundos en 1943, ocuparon parte su territorio, lo que les impide llegar a ofrecer un frente común.</p>
<p>Por lo que a las religiones respecta, el Cáucaso ha sido y sigue siendo escenario del enfrentamiento entre el cristianismo y el mundo musulmán. En Ciscaucasia predomina la corriente suní, al igual que en la práctica totalidad del resto de la región caucásica, con la excepción de Azerbaiyán, chií como consecuencia de su pasado relacionado con el imperio persa. Los musulmanes de la zona desde siempre se han sentido sometidos por los cristianos, que son los que han ejercido el poder político y el dominio social y económico. En el proceso de islamización que se produjo en los siglos XVII y XVIII, tuvo mucho que ver la fiscalidad que turcos o persas aplicaban a los no musulmanes, a pesar de la teórica libertad religiosa. Lo que impulsó a muchos habitantes de la zona, animistas o cristianos desde hacía siglos –algunos habían sido cristianos durante más de 700 años, como los ingushetios– a practicar la religión islámica, aunque nada más fuera por razones prácticas. Por todo ello, el islam se ha convertido en el vehículo conductor de procesos socio-económico-políticos, mucho más allá de la simple idea de enfrentamiento puramente religioso. En instrumento aglutinador para oponerse, además de a las injusticias sociales, al proceso de rusificación desarrollado por Moscú.</p>
<p>Aunque durante el período soviético estaba prohibida la práctica religiosa, los musulmanes norcaucásicos continuaron con sus ritos y tradiciones mediante fraternidades sufíes clandestinas –habitualmente denominadas en su conjunto como mouridismo–, algunas con enorme poder y capacidad de influencia, especialmente en Chechenia y Daguestán, en donde la resistencia fue feroz. En la actualidad, las dos fraternidades más importantes son Naqbandis y Kadiris.</p>
<p><em>Contexto del enfrentamiento</em></p>
<p>En 1957, tras regresar de la deportación en tierras de Asia Central a la que Stalin les envió, los musulmanes de Chechenia-Ingushetia se encontraron con que sus tierras estaban siendo explotadas, e incluso maltratadas, por los rusos que habían sido llevados para ocupar su lugar, muchos de los cuales se dedicaban a labores relacionadas con el petróleo. Esta circunstancia de marginación de los beneficios de la explotación y el transporte del crudo por su territorio dio lugar a una nueva etapa de intensificación del enfrentamiento con los rusos.</p>
<p>Entre 1994 y 1996 se produjo la primera guerra de Chechenia. El resultado fue de 50.000 muertos, buena parte de ellos civiles, y la destrucción completa de la capital, Grozny. En el período entre guerras (1996-1999), y dado que a pesar del acuerdo de armisticio de Khassavyod las tensiones continuaban, se produjo la llegada a la zona de miles de combatientes islámicos procedentes de las más diversas partes del mundo para apoyar a sus correligionarios. Tras la imposición de la <em>Sharia</em> en 1999 por el entonces presidente de Chechenia, Aslan Maskhadov, se inició la segunda guerra en esta república. Durante este enfrentamiento, una parte de los musulmanes chechenos decidieron cambiarse de bando y luchar al lado de los rusos contra sus propios compatriotas, defendiendo su integración en la Federación Rusa, incluyendo al actual presidente checheno. Este aspecto tiene una gran trascendencia para poder entender los acontecimientos presentes. En cierto modo, en la actualidad, una vez retiradas oficialmente las fuerzas rusas del conflicto, el enfrentamiento se ha convertido en una auténtica guerra civil, en la que un bando –el gobierno local– es decididamente apoyado por Moscú.</p>
<p>Por lo que respecta a Daguestán, siempre ha sido un bastión islámico en la lucha contra la presencia rusa. Ente multiétnico como pocos en el mundo, donde se reúnen 10 nacionalidades principales, ocho caucásicas y dos turcas. Dentro de los numerosos grupos étnicos existentes, los ávaros destacan por su protagonismo en el enfrentamiento con los rusos. Desde la época del imán Chamyl en el siglo XIX, este pueblo ha sido, junto con el checheno, el más belicoso de todo norcaucasia. Asentados principalmente en las proximidades de la frontera con Chechenia, los casi 700.000 ávaros se agrupan en al menos 14 subgrupos o clanes. La influencia islámica en esta república llegó a ser muy significativa, como lo atestigua el hecho de que en 1917 había 2.700 mezquitas, 800 escuelas islámicas y 40.000 mulás. La mayoría desaparecieron durante la época soviética, contabilizándose en 1977 apenas 27 mezquitas y 50 mulás “oficiales”.</p>
<p><em>Actuación histórica de Moscú</em></p>
<p>Desde los tiempos de Pedro el Grande, Moscú, ante la violenta resistencia de estos pueblos nunca completamente subyugados, ha aprovechado la multiplicidad étnica en su beneficio para conseguir dominar la zona. Intentando siempre tener enfrentados entre sí a los diferentes grupos étnicos, con la idea de evitar sólidos frentes comunes.</p>
<p>En uno de estos variados intentos por controlar la región, creó en 1919, al comienzo de la era soviética, dos repúblicas. Por un lado, Daguestán, teóricamente más manejable por su orografía, así como vital por su proximidad a las fuentes energéticas. Por otro, la de los indomables montañeses, conformada por el resto de los pueblos norcaucásicos: chechenos, osetos, cherkesos, ingushetios y adigueses. Pero el resultado fue que tanto unos como otros se mostraron intratables y extremadamente violentos, persiguiendo el único objetivo de arrojar de sus tierras a los rusos. Viendo el error cometido, en la siguiente redistribución política se procuró que en cada nuevo ente se mezclara al menos un pueblo de origen turco con otro caucásico, con la finalidad de evitar en la medida de lo posible entidades unificadas que pudieran presentar mayor resistencia. Así, se crearon cuatro repúblicas autónomas (Daguestán, Chechenia-Ingushetia, Osetia del Norte y Karachai-Cherkesia) y dos regiones autónomas (Kabardino-Balkaria y Adiguesia). Tras 1991, ya con la división de Chechenia e Ingushetia, las siete entidades pasaron a convertirse en repúblicas autónomas. En el caso concreto de Kabardino-Balkaria, los 100.000 balkarios, habitantes de los altos valles, son un pueblo de origen turco, que fue islamizado por los kabardos en el siglo XVII. Por su parte, los kabardos –también musulmanes–, que viven en las llanuras, han mantenido tradicionalmente buenas relaciones con los rusos. De hecho, fue el primer pueblo norcaucásico en pasar a formar parte del imperio ruso en el siglo XVIII. Esta buena relación con el poder les ha llevado a ser el pueblo con mayor desarrollo y alto nivel de vida de toda la región, lo que a su vez les lleva a evitar cualquier tipo de enfrentamiento con Moscú.</p>
<p><em>Vigente política del Kremlin</em></p>
<p>La política de las autoridades rusas ha sido la de irse retirando militarmente de la zona, dejando la responsabilidad de la lucha contra los rebeldes en manos de los gobiernos locales. Como contrapartida, hace un gran esfuerzo en la ayuda económica con la finalidad de recuperar la economía y propiciar la legitimidad de las autoridades regionales. Oficialmente, Rusia reconoce haber empleado 650 millones de euros en la reconstrucción de Chechenia, al tiempo que ha ofrecido a Ingushetia 780 millones de euros para los próximos seis años. Al mismo tiempo, permite, y potencia, una islamización de la zona, con la esperanza de ir restando seguidores a los más extremistas.</p>
<p>Por otro lado, Moscú lleva a cabo una campaña de desinformación y de ocultación de las acciones de los rebeldes, la cual se enmarca dentro de una de mayor calado con la que se pretende manipular a los medios de comunicación y de la opinión pública mundial, fomentando la imagen de unos fanáticos musulmanes chechenos, mezclados con lo peor del crimen organizado y las mafias, apoyados internacionalmente por otros países y organizaciones musulmanas.</p>
<p><em>Islamización oficial</em></p>
<p>En Chechenia, oficialmente una república islámica en donde rige la <em>Sharia</em>, el actual presidente Ramzan Kadyrov –con el beneplácito del gobierno central ruso– ha implantado la vuelta al sufismo y a las tradiciones chechenas, en un intento de socavar el apoyo de los extremistas musulmanes. Con esta finalidad, lleva a cabo una fuerte campaña de proselitismo en las mezquitas –convertidas en centros de adoctrinamiento de la juventud y cuyo número no deja de crecer–, y en los medios de comunicación, incluyendo la televisión. Incluso la canción más de moda se titula “Mi Chechenia islámica”.</p>
<p>Dentro de la estrategia de plena implantación de la <em>Sharia</em>, Kadyrov obliga a las mujeres a llevar velo en los edificios públicos y ha restringido la venta de bebidas alcohólicas. Alaba públicamente la poligamia, justifica y anima a los asesinatos por cuestiones de honor y aboga por el retorno de los principios puros del islam sufí. Ha prohibido la venta de vestidos de boda de tipo occidental y limitado severamente los derechos de las mujeres establecidos en las leyes rusas. La situación más extrema es la de las docenas de mujeres que son asesinadas cada año alegando razones de honor, según denuncian organizaciones de defensa de los derechos humanos, algunas de ellas por sus propios familiares, muchas veces para ganarse el respecto social y político.</p>
<p>La construcción de mezquitas en Chechenia es imparable. Mientras en mayo de 2003 había 300 mezquitas, en la actualidad, en cada uno de los 423 pueblos chechenos hay al menos una. La pretensión del gobierno local es llegar a superar el número de las 2.500 que llegó a haber en 1917, antes de la época soviética, la última de las cuales fue cerrada en 1961. En Grozny se ha construido una mezquita gigantesca, con capacidad para 10.000 feligreses. Con un coste de 14 millones de euros, presume de ser la más grande de Europa. Para dotarle de mayor contenido simbólico, se ha erigido en donde se alzaba el cuartel general del Partido Comunista Soviético. Mientras que en 2003 apenas 140 chechenos viajaron a La Meca, en 2006 ya se superaba la cifra de 1.300 peregrinos.</p>
<p><em>Reacción del extremismo islámico</em></p>
<p>Oficialmente, el wahabismo, en su expresión de guerra a muerte contra el infiel, es ilegal tanto en Chechenia como en Ingushetia y Daguestán. Pero el proceso de radicalización es cada vez mayor, en parte como consecuencia de la estrategia de Moscú de emplear al islam tradicional, o sufí, contra los más extremistas. Lo que solamente está consiguiendo es el fortalecimiento de estos últimos.</p>
<p>A pesar de los esfuerzos de los gobiernos locales y el central para acabar con la violencia relacionada con el extremismo islamista, la realidad socio-económica del Norte del Cáucaso impide su erradicación. Es un escenario en el que se mezclan la pobreza y la debilidad de los poderes públicos para controlar todo el territorio, donde el desempleo alcanza a buena parte de la población (25% en Daguestán, 50% en Ingushetia, 29% en Kabardino-Balkaria y 75% en Chechenia), y de modo muy especial a la juventud. Son permanentes las denuncias de corrupción, de falta de respeto de los más elementales derechos humanos, de tortura y de represión brutal de las fuerzas de seguridad. Son territorios con exceso de jóvenes sin esperanza ni futuro, a los que es fácil convencer de la bondad de unas ideas que ofrecen la promesa de una vida mejor, sea en la tierra o en el paraíso, ideales que son capaces de esperanzar a quien nada tiene que perder, ni casi que ganar; a quien sólo tiene resentimiento y odio al que considera como invasor y usurpador; rezumando ansias de venganza por las atrocidades sufridas en carne propia o por algún ser querido.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de todo ello, cuando antes los más extremistas del Norte del Cáucaso se desplazaban a escenarios de máxima confrontación yihadista, como Afganistán, Uzbekistán o Tayikistán, ahora se quedan en el Norte del Cáucaso, donde han encontrado el ambiente ideal para materializar sus ideales. Escenario que consigue atraer a combatientes de otros lugares, ante las alentadoras perspectivas de éxito de sus objetivos. Recientemente se ha detectado la presencia de yihadistas extranjeros, concretamente de argelinos en Daguestán, integrados en el principal grupo insurgente activo en esta república, denominado <em>Jamaat Shariat de Daguestán</em>.</p>
<p>Así las cosas, en Chechenia, en abril pasado se reconstruyó la Brigada de los Mártires de Riyadus Salikhin (“Jardín de los Puros”), cuyos miembros están considerados como expertos en acciones de terrorismo y sabotaje, además de altamente proclives al suicidio. El anuncio fue realizado por Dokku Umarov, el autoproclamado emir del Cáucaso en 2007. Desde ese momento, su actividad ha sido frenética, responsabilizándose de importantes atentados, como el cometido contra el presidente de Ingushetia en junio y el asesinato de 25 policías en la comisaría de Nazran en agosto. Este grupo había sido creado por Shamil Basayev, fallecido en 2006. Saltó a la primera página de los periódicos en 2002, durante la toma de rehenes en el teatro Dubrovka de Moscú, y estuvo también involucrado en la matanza de la escuela de Beslam, en 2004. Su objetivo último, que sigue inalterado, es crear un Estado musulmán independiente en la región.</p>
<p><em>Actual violencia desbocada</em></p>
<p>Los grandes esfuerzos gubernamentales encaminados a poner coto a la violencia, teñida de extremismo islámico, parece no estar dando los resultados perseguidos. Antes al contrario, parece que tan sólo está sirviendo para fomentar las manifestaciones más violentas del extremismo y el fanatismo islamista, incluyendo los atentados suicidas.</p>
<p>Así mismo, los rebeldes salafistas consideran a los gobernantes actualmente en el poder no sólo como vendidos a Moscú, sino también como corruptos, implicados en el crimen organizado que prolifera en la zona, traficando con la droga que, procedente de Afganistán, pasa hacia Europa, Rusia y Turquía. Un motivo más para considerarlos impuros, contrarios al concepto de <em>yihad</em> personal –de esforzarse para mejorar como persona– y, por tanto, objeto de sus iras religiosas.</p>
<p>Este incremento de la violencia ya se deja sentir con fuerza en Ingushetia, en donde abundan las acusaciones de detenciones ilegales y de invasión de los hogares por las fuerzas públicas, así como las denuncias por tortura y los asesinatos extrajudiciales. Circunstancias violentas a las que se añade una rampante corrupción. Como muestra, valga el dato de que mientras en 2008 se contabilizaron 212 asesinados, a mitad de 2009 ya se había superado esa cifra.</p>
<p>Pero quizá el mejor ejemplo de este fracaso lo ofrecen las alarmantes cifras que arroja el estudio comparativo entre las acciones violentas acontecidas sólo en Chechenia durante los 200 días previos al 16 de abril, y los 200 días posteriores –hasta el 3 de noviembre–:</p>
<p><strong>Tabla 1. Acciones violentas en Chechenia antes y después del 16 de abril de 2009</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="7">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#e5e5e5"></td>
<td bgcolor="#e5e5e5"><strong>200 días previos</strong></td>
<td bgcolor="#e5e5e5"><strong>200 días posteriores</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Asesinatos</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">58</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">208</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Heridos</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">82</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">172</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Enfrentamientos entre fuerzas de seguridad y rebeldes</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">42</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">92</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Rebeldes muertos (enfrentamientos)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">32</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">120</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Rebeldes capturados (enfrentamientos)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">87</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">110</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Rebeldes entregados (enfrentamientos)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">13</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Agentes muertos (enfrentamientos)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">20</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">71</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Agentes heridos (enfrentamientos)</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">75</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">140</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Civiles secuestrados</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">29</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Civiles asesinados</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">6</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">17</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Civiles heridos en atentados</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">7</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">32</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Atentados terroristas</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">28</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">48</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Atentados suicidas</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">10</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>Atentados suicidas fallidos</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Resalta el hecho de que se ha multiplicado por cuatro el número de asesinatos y por dos el de heridos. Se han duplicado los atentados terroristas, al tiempo que han resurgido con enorme fuerza los atentados suicidas.</p>
<p>Obligatorio es citar que los datos no son exactos, pues al ocultismo de las autoridades estatales y locales se une el hecho de que la principal ONG que intentaba llevar un registro de estos hechos, <em>Memorial Human Rights Group</em>, puso fin a sus actividades en Chechenia el pasado verano tras ser asesinada su activista en Grozny, Natalya Estemirova, el 15 de julio.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusiones:</strong> Ante gobiernos locales incapaces de cumplir con sus promesas de justicia social y de mejora de las condiciones de vida de la mayoría de la población, los islamistas siguen teniendo el campo abonado para que siga creciendo una violencia empapada de una religiosidad que, en buena parte de las ocasiones, no es más que el hilo conductor que une a los que luchan por conseguir sus objetivos, tanto los internos relacionados con el poder y las injusticias sociales, como los externos frente al que todavía consideran invasor ruso. La realidad es que los grupos wahabistas ilegales van adquiriendo cada vez más fuerza y relevancia, con capacidad para desestabilizar completamente las frágiles estructuras establecidas. Resurgiendo con la potencia que da la desesperación unida a la ideología islámica, la cual ofrece la promesa del más atrayente paraíso cuando se muere por su causa.</p>
<p>Para comprender en su totalidad la compleja situación en la zona, además hay que constatar la tradicional importancia de la cultura guerrera entre los habitantes de estas montañas. Tierras en las que se glorifica a aquellos que vengan con sangre el asesinato de un familiar, a los que eliminan con honor a los adversarios, a los que resisten a los ocupantes de las tierras de sus antepasados, los rusos.</p>
<p>Ante estos hechos, todo indica que la política seguida por Moscú está sufriendo un gran fracaso. Haber abandonado la lucha directa contra los rebeldes norcaucásicos y dejado, en su lugar, que sean las fuerzas locales las que se hagan cargo de ella, no ha hecho más que provocar un resurgimiento de la violencia. De momento, una estrategia que se muestra como errónea. Salvo, claro está, que hubiera otros objetivos enmascarados en esta política: como que lo que en realidad se buscara es que dejaran de producirse bajas en el ejército federal, o que se produjera un enfrentamiento entre musulmanes norcaucásicos (entre sufíes-tradicionalistas y wahabitas-salafistas) que evitara su dispersión por el resto del territorio ruso, limitando su capacidad para sembrar la violencia y el terror en el suelo de Rusia.</p>
<p>En cualquier caso, la situación se pronostica como complicada en los tiempos venideros, sin una clara salida que ponga un punto final definitivo a la endémica violencia en esta castigada zona del mundo.</p>
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		<title>A damning verdict on Russia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27334/a-damning-verdict-on-russia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27334/a-damning-verdict-on-russia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 18:04:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto armado]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27334</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Svante Cornell</strong>, a research director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road studies programme (THE GUARDIAN, 13/10/09):</p>
<p>The release of a much anticipated EU-commissioned report into <a title="Guardian: Saakashvili blamed for starting Russian war" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/30/georgia-attacks-unjustifiable-eu">the causes of the Russian-Georgian war</a> of August 2008 predictably spread the blame for the conflict around. Georgia got its share of the blame, but the text of the report is devastating to Russia&#8217;s narrative of the conflict.</p>
<p>Assisted by a small army of experts, Swiss diplomat <a title="Wikipedia: Heidi Tagliavini" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Tagliavini">Heidi Tagliavini</a> has spent close to a year investigating the origins of a small war that shocked Europe, but that was largely forgotten in &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27334/a-damning-verdict-on-russia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Svante Cornell</strong>, a research director of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road studies programme (THE GUARDIAN, 13/10/09):</p>
<p>The release of a much anticipated EU-commissioned report into <a title="Guardian: Saakashvili blamed for starting Russian war" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/30/georgia-attacks-unjustifiable-eu">the causes of the Russian-Georgian war</a> of August 2008 predictably spread the blame for the conflict around. Georgia got its share of the blame, but the text of the report is devastating to Russia&#8217;s narrative of the conflict.</p>
<p>Assisted by a small army of experts, Swiss diplomat <a title="Wikipedia: Heidi Tagliavini" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Tagliavini">Heidi Tagliavini</a> has spent close to a year investigating the origins of a small war that shocked Europe, but that was largely forgotten in the midst of the global economic crisis that succeeded it. The 40-page report – with a thousand pages of appendices – will certainly be the subject of great debate and controversy. Predictably, both sides have claimed that it vindicates their version of events. Yet anyone who bothers to read of the text of the report will find that the commission apportions an overwhelming part of the responsibility of the conflict on the Russian government. In fact, it rejects practically every item in the Russian narrative of the conflict.</p>
<p>The press has so far mainly reported the commission&#8217;s conclusion that <a title="Guardian: Georgia's Russian roulette" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/07/georgia-russian-saakashvili">Georgia started the war</a>. That should not be confused with the question of responsibility: firing the first shot does not necessarily mean bearing responsibility for the conflict. The report acknowledges this, concluding that, &#8220;there is no way to assign overall responsibility for the conflict to one side alone&#8221;. Indeed, the report details the extended series of Russian provocations, accelerating in the spring of 2008, that precipitated the war.</p>
<p>The report faults Georgia for the legal basis of its attack on the South Ossetian capital of Tskhinvali, and for the use of indiscriminate force there. But on the crucial Georgian claim that it was responding to a Russian invasion, Tagliavini equivocates: the mission is &#8220;not in a position&#8221; to consider the Georgian claims &#8220;sufficiently substantiated&#8221;. This is an exercise in semantics, since the next sentences acknowledge Russian provision of military training and equipment to the rebels, and that &#8220;volunteers and mercenaries&#8221; entered Georgian territory from Russia before the Georgian attack. One is left wondering what would be necessary for a spade to be called a spade.</p>
<p>But the report is far more devastating in its dismissal of Russia&#8217;s justification for its invasion – in fact surprisingly so for an EU product. As will be recalled, Russia variously claimed it was protecting its citizens; engaging in a humanitarian intervention; responding to a Georgian &#8220;genocide&#8221; of Ossetians; or responding to an attack on its peacekeepers. The EU report finds that because Russia&#8217;s distribution of passports to Abkhazians and Ossetians in the years prior to the war was illegal, its rationale of rescuing its citizens is invalid as they simply were not legally Russian citizens. It also concludes that Russia&#8217;s claim of humanitarian intervention cannot be recognised &#8220;at all&#8221;, in particular given Russia&#8217;s past opposition to the entire concept of humanitarian intervention.</p>
<p>The list goes on. The report finds Russian allegations of genocide founded in neither law nor evidence. In other words, they&#8217;re not true. And whereas the report does acknowledge a Russian right to protect its peacekeepers, it finds that Russia&#8217;s response &#8220;cannot be regarded as even remotely commensurate with the threat to Russian peacekeepers in South Ossetia&#8221;. On the other hand, it faults Russia for failing to intervene in the ethnic cleansing of Georgians from South Ossetia and Abkhazia that took place during and after the war. Finally, it castigates Russia&#8217;s recognition of the independence of the two breakaway territories as illegal, and as a dangerous erosion of the principles of international law.</p>
<p>In sum, the official EU inquiry found that none of Russia&#8217;s various justifications for its invasion of Georgia held water, and faults Russia&#8217;s behaviour following the conflict, as it continues to be in material breach of the EU-negotiated ceasefire agreement.</p>
<p>While the EU report will be of great use to historians, its main implications should concern the present. This is the case because the conflict between Russia and Georgia is not over. While its military phase only lasted a few weeks, it continues in the diplomatic, political, and economic realms. It is destabilising a part of Europe in which the European Union needs to invest more. The EU can ignore only at its own peril one of the report&#8217;s final conclusions:</p>
<blockquote><p>Notions such as privileged spheres of interest … are irreconcilable with international law. They are dangerous to international peace and stability. They should be rejected.</p></blockquote>
<p>And doing so will take more than words and the scrapping of missile shields.</p>
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		<title>Afganistán en clave energética</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27238/afganistan-en-clave-energetica/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27238/afganistan-en-clave-energetica/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 19:08:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>pablo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Energía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27238</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Mariano Marzo Carpio</strong>, catedrático de Recursos Energéticos en la Facultad de Geología de la Universidad de Barcelona (EL PAÍS, 08/10/09):</p>
<p>La existencia de un &#8220;gran juego&#8221; estratégico en torno a los recursos de petróleo y gas de las repúblicas ex soviéticas de Asia Central y el sur del Cáucaso constituye una realidad geopolítica indiscutible. Esta pugna, inicialmente circunscrita a Rusia y Estados Unidos, se ha reforzado últimamente con la entrada en el juego de la Unión Europea y China. La relación de vecindad de Afganistán y su papel clave en el proyecto de construcción del gasoducto TAP (Turkmenistán-Afganistán-Pakistán), &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27238/afganistan-en-clave-energetica/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Mariano Marzo Carpio</strong>, catedrático de Recursos Energéticos en la Facultad de Geología de la Universidad de Barcelona (EL PAÍS, 08/10/09):</p>
<p>La existencia de un &#8220;gran juego&#8221; estratégico en torno a los recursos de petróleo y gas de las repúblicas ex soviéticas de Asia Central y el sur del Cáucaso constituye una realidad geopolítica indiscutible. Esta pugna, inicialmente circunscrita a Rusia y Estados Unidos, se ha reforzado últimamente con la entrada en el juego de la Unión Europea y China. La relación de vecindad de Afganistán y su papel clave en el proyecto de construcción del gasoducto TAP (Turkmenistán-Afganistán-Pakistán), aprobado bajo los auspicios del ex presidente Bush en 2002, poco después de la derrota talibán, han llevado a algunos analistas a inscribir el conflicto de Afganistán en el mencionado &#8220;gran juego&#8221;. Pero ¿tiene esta interpretación vigencia hoy en día?</p>
<p>Para responder a esta pregunta conviene actualizar la información disponible sobre los recursos de petróleo y gas de Afganistán, enmarcándolos en el contexto del Asia Central, y reevaluar el potencial del país como vía de tránsito de las exportaciones de hidrocarburos.</p>
<p>Entre la década de los sesenta y mediados de los ochenta, los soviéticos habían identificado en el norte de Afganistán alrededor de 15 campos de petróleo y gas. Éstos se concentran en las proximidades de Sheberghan, a unos 120 kilómetros al oeste de Mazar-i-Sharif. Sin embargo, pese a estos descubrimientos, desde 1959 hasta 2006, la producción de petróleo provino casi exclusivamente del campo de Angot, que en sus mejores días llegó a suministrar una media de 500 barriles diarios de crudo. En la actualidad, a efectos prácticos, Afganistán ha dejado de ser un país productor de petróleo y esta situación no difiere ostensiblemente de la de sus vecinos Kirguistán y Tayikistán, aunque el primero contabiliza una producción diaria cercana al millar de barriles. En cambio, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán, los otros dos países limítrofes, contabilizaron en 2008 cerca de 200.000 y 100.000 barriles diarios, respectivamente. Unos volúmenes muy inferiores a los de Kazajstán, país que en el mismo año ocupaba el décimo octavo lugar en el <em>ranking</em> de los productores mundiales de petróleo, con un volumen cercano al millón y medio de barriles diarios, equivalentes al 1,8% de la producción mundial.</p>
<p>En 2008, las reservas probadas de petróleo de los Estados del Asia Central representaban alrededor del 3,4% mundial. La práctica totalidad de este porcentaje (un 3,2%) correspondía a Kazajstán, que con cerca de 40.000 millones de barriles ocupaba el noveno puesto en el <em>ranking</em> global de reservas. En el caso de Uzbekistán y Turkmenistán, éstas se situaban en torno a los 600 millones, mientras que las de Tayikistán y Kirguistán totalizaban 40 y 12 millones, respectivamente. Por lo que respecta a Afganistán, un informe de 2006 del Departamento de Energía de los EE UU situaba el potencial de crudo recuperable de los campos ya conocidos en una cifra cercana a los 100 millones de barriles. Sin embargo, otro informe del mismo año, elaborado conjuntamente por el Servicio Geológico de EE UU y el Ministerio de Minas e Industria de Afganistán, estimaba que las reservas de líquidos todavía por descubrir en el norte del país, a lo largo de una estrecha franja que discurre paralela a las fronteras con Turkmenistán, Uzbekistán y Tayikistán, rondaba los 2.000 millones de barriles.</p>
<p>En cuanto a la producción de gas natural, Afganistán extrae hoy en día menos de la décima parte de los 11 millones de metros cúbicos alcanzados en 1978 a partir de la explotación de los campos de Khwaja Gogerdak, Djarquduk y Yatimtaq, en el norte del país. Las cifras de Afganistán son muy inferiores a la de Kirguistán y Tayikistán, que en 2008 produjeron cada uno alrededor de 30 millones de metros cúbicos. Unos volúmenes que pueden considerarse marginales si se comparan con los extraídos por Turkmenistán (el decimotercer productor mundial) y Uzbekistán (el decimoquinto). Ambos países superaron los 60.000 millones de metros cúbicos, aportando cerca del 2% de la producción mundial, aproximadamente el doble que la de Kazajstán.</p>
<p>Desde el punto de vista de las reservas probadas de gas, Turkmenistán es el gran protagonista en Asia Central. A finales de 2008 este país ocupaba el cuarto lugar del <em>ranking</em> mundial (tras Rusia, Irán y Qatar) con cerca de ocho billones de metros cúbicos, equivalentes el 4,3% mundial. Además, la cifra anterior no contabiliza el reciente descubrimiento del campo de South Yolotan-Osman, un supergigante que según evaluaciones preliminares podría albergar entre 4 y 13 billones de metros cúbicos adicionales, de forma que, de confirmarse los cálculos más optimistas, las reservas de Turkmenistán podrían equipararse a las de Irán y Qatar. Las reservas probadas de Kazajstán, Uzbekistán y Azerbaiyán también son importantes, situándose entre uno y dos billones de metros cúbicos, mientras que las de Kirguistán y Tayikistán rondan los 10.000 millones de metros cúbicos, muy por debajo de las de Afganistán, cifradas en 100.000 millones. Una cifra que podría multiplicarse por cinco de confirmarse las estimaciones del Servicio Geológico de EE UU y el Ministerio de Minas e Industria, que calcula que las reservas pendientes de descubrir en el norte del país podrían aproximarse a los 440.000 millones de metros cúbicos.</p>
<p>Los datos expuestos certifican que aunque el potencial en hidrocarburos de Afganistán resulta prometedor para la economía del país, los primeros actores en el <em>gran juego</em> en torno a los recursos energéticos de Asia Central seguirán siendo Kazajstán, en el caso del petróleo, y Turkmenistán en el del gas. Además, conviene no olvidar que el primero de estos países ocupa el séptimo lugar del <em>ranking</em> mundial en reservas de carbón (el 3,8% global), mientras que sus reservas de uranio son las segundas del planeta, tras Australia. Uzbekistán, un actor secundario en lo referente al petróleo y gas, también desempeña un papel destacado en la minería del uranio, ocupando el décimo puesto global en materia de reservas y el séptimo en producción; concepto este último en el que Kazajstán ocupa el tercer lugar, por detrás de Canadá y Australia.</p>
<p>Nos queda por analizar el potencial de Afganistán como ruta de tránsito alternativa a Rusia e Irán para el transporte de los hidrocarburos de Asia Central hacia los principales mercados. En el caso del petróleo, Afganistán no suscita por el momento ningún interés al respecto. Los esfuerzos de Kazajstán por abrirse a nuevos mercados y reducir su dependencia del sistema de transporte ruso se han centrado en la construcción de un oleoducto que conecta la ribera septentrional del Caspio con China, así como en el desarrollo del proyecto KCTS (Kazajstán-Caspian Transportation System) que debe unir Atyrau, al norte del Caspio, con Bakú, en Azerbaiyán, para luego enlazar con el oleoducto Bakú-Tiflis-Ceyhan (BTC) que a través de Georgia y Turquía desemboca en la costa mediterránea. En cuanto a las rutas del gas, las prioridades de Turkmenistán se centran en el tendido de un gasoducto que a través de Uzbekistán y Kazajstán conectaría con China, así como en el proyecto TransCaspio que comunicaría las riberas turkmena y azerí del Caspio para, tras enlazar con el gasoducto Bakú-Tiflis-Erzerum (BTE), continuar por el Nabucco hasta el centro de Europa. El proyecto TAP que comentábamos al principio del artículo parece haber perdido protagonismo a favor de otro, denominado TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afganistán-Pakistán-India), que abriría a Turkmenistán las puertas del mercado indio.</p>
<p>Puede afirmarse, por tanto, que las hipótesis que asocian de manera directa el actual conflicto de Afganistán con una guerra por los recursos carecen de una base argumental sólida. Los recursos energéticos de Afganistán tienen un potencial limitado, y aunque el país suscita cierto interés estratégico como corredor energético, éste queda circunscrito a Pakistán e India. En cualquier caso, lo que sí parece evidente es que el desenlace del conflicto reviste gran importancia para la estabilidad de una región clave para la seguridad de suministro, no sólo de los países industrializados, sino también de las dos grandes potencias emergentes, China e India.</p>
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		<title>Georgia&#8217;s Russian roulette</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27223/georgias-russian-roulette/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27223/georgias-russian-roulette/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2009 20:56:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto armado]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27223</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Nino Burjanadze</strong>, a former speaker of the Georgian parliament and was twice, in that capacity, acting President of Georgia (THE GUARDIAN, 07/10/09):</p>
<p>Analogies between <a title="Guardian: Georgia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/georgia">Georgia</a> and the states of western Europe are difficult to maintain: it is precisely because the Euro-Atlantic community has reached a maturity in its mutual relationships that so many of us in Georgia want to be part of it.</p>
<p>But bear with me, please, on this.</p>
<p>Imagine if, last year, Britain and Spain had gone to war over Gibraltar and a report commissioned by the European Union into the conflict had just been published. &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27223/georgias-russian-roulette/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Nino Burjanadze</strong>, a former speaker of the Georgian parliament and was twice, in that capacity, acting President of Georgia (THE GUARDIAN, 07/10/09):</p>
<p>Analogies between <a title="Guardian: Georgia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/georgia">Georgia</a> and the states of western Europe are difficult to maintain: it is precisely because the Euro-Atlantic community has reached a maturity in its mutual relationships that so many of us in Georgia want to be part of it.</p>
<p>But bear with me, please, on this.</p>
<p>Imagine if, last year, Britain and Spain had gone to war over Gibraltar and a report commissioned by the European Union into the conflict had just been published. It said Spain fired the first shots, in a clear breach of international law, and that Britain&#8217;s response – to invade Spain and to sponsor ethnic cleansing by Gibraltarian militias – was equally illegal.</p>
<p>Of course, in these circumstances, however unlikely, Gordon Brown and Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero would be finished as politicians before the first news agency flashed its conclusions. The House of Commons and the Cortes would be in permanent session with parliamentarians of all sides demanding explanations, apologies and further resignations. The civil societies of both lands would be alive with debate about how to ensure such foolhardy and reckless acts were never to be repeated.</p>
<p>But what if the BBC or TVE did not mention the report or simply said the other country was to blame? What if the Daily Mail, or even the Guardian, branded anyone who tried to explain what was really said as an agent of the Spanish government, while ABC or El Mundo did the opposite in Spain?</p>
<p>A small number of people might be able to read the EU&#8217;s report in the original German, but as internet access is restricted to inner London and Madrid, even German speakers have trouble sourcing it. How can you protest about your government&#8217;s policies when you are not told what they are? You cannot.</p>
<p>And that is the reality in today&#8217;s Georgia and Russia. A <a title="Guardian: Saakashvili blamed for starting Russian war" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/30/georgia-attacks-unjustifiable-eu">report into the 2008 war</a> between our two countries has now been published. In any democratic and free country political leaders would have resigned out of shame before they faced ejection in ignominy. But in both lands it has been hailed as a government victory.</p>
<p>As a Georgian I have to confess I am not too surprised about Russia. But as a leader of the <a title="Guardian:  Bush toasts Georgia as a 'beacon of liberty' " href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/may/11/georgia.usa">Rose Revolution</a> that was carried out to create a democratic Georgia and end corruption – both political and financial – this situation makes me angry.</p>
<p>The Tagliavini report states in black and white that our armed forces broke international law in firing first and attacking peacekeeping troops. Our president – the man who gave the illegal order to launch the attack – simply says it does not. Our media do not call him out as a liar, but repeat his propaganda word for word.</p>
<p>I saw Mikheil Saakashvili days before he launched that attack. In response to his broad hints that he was about to start shelling Tskhinvali I told him such a course of action would be madness. He ignored me then and had his minions label me as promoting Russian interests when I later told the world of our conversation.</p>
<p>That lie, too, was repeated verbatim by our media. The irony that their chief was the one who gave the Russians the opportunity they had so long desired to occupy Georgia and threaten the fabric of our independence was either lost on them or ignored, like every other inconvenient fact.</p>
<p><a title="Wikipedia: Heidi Tagliavini" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Tagliavini">Heidi Tagliavini</a>&#8216;s report rightly condemns the use of nationalist and xenophobic rhetoric by politicians in the run-up to the war; we in Georgia were deluged with it throughout 2008. But that political sewage also required a sewer, and that was found in a Georgian broadcast media that, at a national level, is under the complete control of the government.</p>
<p>Tbilisi has a thriving media and some internet access and opposition voices can get a hearing in newspapers and cable TV. But for two-thirds of the country, our three national TV channels are the only mass media available. And all are directed by the president&#8217;s inner circle.</p>
<p>Our public television channel is explicitly government controlled. The second station is partly owned by a government MP and, it has been said, if it had been in Berlin and not Tbilisi Germans would still think they had won the war. Our third station used to be independent but was seized by special forces in 2007 and later handed over to cronies of the regime.</p>
<p>All of that needs to change if Georgia is to have the checks and balances of informed public debate that would put a break on a repeat performance of August 2008. Today, basing his argument on the lie that somehow he had no choice, Saakashvili boasts he would indeed do the same again if he got the chance. Every day he stays in office is truly a game of Russian roulette for our country.</p>
<p>Tagliavini&#8217;s report shows the Russian and Georgian regimes were well matched. Authoritarian, dangerous and ultimately reckless in their approach to human life.</p>
<p>The west&#8217;s leverage with Russia is limited but with Georgia is great. EU and US money are now vital to our economy. It&#8217;s time western taxpayers insisted that it was not being used to prop up authoritarianism and it is time for Saakashvili to pay the price his responsibility demands and to go.</p>
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		<title>Georgia, una oportunidad perdida</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27122/georgia-una-oportunidad-perdida/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27122/georgia-una-oportunidad-perdida/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2009 21:04:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Política Exterior]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto armado]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27122</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Heidi Tagliavini,</strong> embajadora suiza y jefe de la Misión Internacional de Investigación del Conflicto en Georgia (EL PAÍS, 01/10/09):</p>
<p>Por la decisión adoptada el 2 de diciembre de 2008, el Consejo de la Unión Europea encargó a una <a href="http://www.ceiig.ch/" target="_blank">Misión Internacional Independiente de Investigación</a> que investigara el conflicto de agosto de 2008 en Georgia. El Consejo me nombró Jefe de la Misión de Investigación, y dejó en mis manos todos los trámites y decisiones relativas a los métodos de funcionamiento. Ya hemos concluido nuestro trabajo y remitido el informe al Consejo, a las partes en conflicto, a la Organización para &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27122/georgia-una-oportunidad-perdida/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Heidi Tagliavini,</strong> embajadora suiza y jefe de la Misión Internacional de Investigación del Conflicto en Georgia (EL PAÍS, 01/10/09):</p>
<p>Por la decisión adoptada el 2 de diciembre de 2008, el Consejo de la Unión Europea encargó a una <a href="http://www.ceiig.ch/" target="_blank">Misión Internacional Independiente de Investigación</a> que investigara el conflicto de agosto de 2008 en Georgia. El Consejo me nombró Jefe de la Misión de Investigación, y dejó en mis manos todos los trámites y decisiones relativas a los métodos de funcionamiento. Ya hemos concluido nuestro trabajo y remitido el informe al Consejo, a las partes en conflicto, a la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) y a Naciones Unidas.</p>
<p>Es un placer para mí agradecer al consejo de la UE su fe y su confianza. Y con un sentimiento de gratitud me gustaría mencionar a aquellos -expertos y miembros de un Consejo Asesor de gran calibre- que contribuyeron a este trabajo dentro y fuera de la misión. También deseo reconocer mi agradecimiento por la buena cooperación que la misión ha recibido a escala internacional y, sobre todo, la de las partes en conflicto.</p>
<p>He aceptado la investigación ordenada por la UE por diversas razones:</p>
<p>En primer lugar, porque considero un gran honor y una señal de confianza que la UE haya asignado una tarea tan delicada a un representante de un país no miembro.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, porque durante los muchos años que pasé trabajando en el Cáucaso tuve la incómoda sensación de que en la región se estaban desarrollando propensiones y tendencias contrarias a todas las misiones de paz de Naciones Unidas y de la OSCE sobre el terreno. Sin la adecuada reacción en nombre de la comunidad internacional que habría sido necesaria para frenar la mortal espiral de enfrentamientos, estos sucesos conducirían inevitablemente a las hostilidades abiertas. Cuando de hecho estallaron el pasado agosto, era demasiado tarde para intervenir y lo que podría haberse evitado se convirtió en una guerra breve y encarnizada que no sólo lo cambió todo sobre el terreno sino también en las relaciones entre Occidente y Rusia. Ahora es mucho más difícil vislumbrar una solución a los conflictos, porque éstos están mucho más alejados que nunca de una solución aceptable para todas las partes afectadas.</p>
<p>En tercer lugar, acepté este encargo porque creo firmemente que durante muchos años el Cáucaso ha recibido muy poca atención en comparación con otras regiones europeas y cercanas a Europa desgarradas por la guerra. Esto guarda relación con la ignorancia básica sobre el Cáucaso del sur, por no hablar de Georgia, Osetia del Sur y Abjazia. Con este informe, mi esperanza era que nuestra conciencia se centrara más en esta región importante y en muchos sentidos fascinante.</p>
<p>Y en último lugar, aunque no menos importante, acepté esta investigación porque creo que las negociaciones son el único medio duradero para solucionar conflictos y disputas territoriales. Los conflictos sólo pueden resolverse mediante la comprensión, los pactos y las concesiones, mediante la aceptación de que no hay una sola verdad, la verdad de un bando en un contexto determinado, sino que cada parte de un conflicto tiene un derecho genuino a recibir una parte equitativa en cualquier acuerdo justo y que, a fin de cuentas, cualquier solución alcanzada por la fuerza es una especie de boomerang, vuelve inevitablemente, a veces incluso con más violencia que antes.</p>
<p>El estallido del conflicto en agosto de 2008 no fue más que el punto culminante de un largo periodo de tensiones, provocaciones e incidentes cada vez más frecuentes en la región. Aunque es cierto que Georgia inició en efecto las hostilidades a gran escala con el bombardeo de Tsjinvali, capital de Osetia del Sur, la noche del 7 al 8 de agosto, todos los bandos -Rusia, Georgia, Osetia del Sur y Abjazia- han quebrantado el derecho internacional.</p>
<p>Este informe intenta responder a una serie de preguntas importantes en relación con el conflicto de agosto de 2008. Sin embargo, es necesaria una nota de advertencia: el informe refleja la información de que ha dispuesto la Misión hasta el final del mandato, es decir, hasta finales de septiembre de 2009. Es muy posible que sigan surgiendo nuevas pruebas que corrijan o modifiquen algunos de los hallazgos y conclusiones de la Misión.</p>
<p>El informe presenta un cuidadoso análisis de los orígenes y las causas fundamentales de los conflictos en Georgia y de las percepciones, o más bien las ideas falsas, transmitidas de generación en generación. De hecho, las élites nacionales de Georgia, Abjazia y Osetia del Sur estaban firmemente convencidas de que las demás comunidades habían sido decisivas en la opresión de su respectiva comunidad nacional.</p>
<p>El informe profundiza en la manera en que la desconfianza de todos los bandos evolucionó hasta convertirse en uno de los obstáculos importantes para alcanzar una solución pacífica de los conflictos. Aparte de estos antecedentes históricos, se proporciona una descripción del entorno internacional, que no era ni mucho menos propicio para la paz y a la estabilidad en la región. Las tensas relaciones entre Georgia y Rusia, cuestiones políticas tan importantes como la independencia de Kosovo y las aspiraciones de Georgia a entrar en la OTAN no contribuían lo más mínimo a suavizar las tensiones existentes. El informe realiza además un análisis de más de 15 años de procesos de paz en Osetia del Sur y Abjazia y explica por qué estas iniciativas acabaron fracasando.</p>
<p>Incluye también una relación de temas jurídicos relacionados, como el derecho a la autodeterminación y a la secesión, y si Osetia del Sur y Abjazia tienen ese derecho. La respuesta es sí a la autodeterminación, pero no a la secesión fuera del contexto colonial. Otro elemento importante que influye en la situación sobre el terreno es la concesión masiva de la nacionalidad y de pasaportes rusos a ciudadanos de las dos regiones independentistas, una política que conforme al derecho internacional equivale a interferir en los asuntos internos de Georgia y a quebrantar la integridad territorial y la soberanía georgianas. Además, el reconocimiento de Osetia del Sur y Abjazia como países independientes por parte de Rusia debe considerarse nulo de acuerdo con el derecho internacional, y un quebrantamiento de la integridad territorial de Georgia.</p>
<p>El informe presenta a continuación un relato de los acontecimientos militares acaecidos en agosto de 2008, precedido por lo que yo denominaría &#8220;los puntos de vista de los bandos&#8221;, en los que georgianos, rusos, osetios del sur y abjazios presentan sus opiniones sobre lo ocurrido. Es cierto que las apreciaciones divergen en gran medida y es difícil entender cómo, basándose en puntos de vista tan contradictorios, los bandos podrían llegar a entender qué es lo que hay que hacer para mejorar la situación. El mayor reto para la Misión fue establecer la verdadera secuencia de los acontecimientos ocurridos en agosto de 2008, dada la multitud de informaciones contradictorias recibidas.</p>
<p>El informe se centra además en un análisis sobre el uso de la fuerza así como la amenaza de fuerza (Art. 2(4) de la Carta de Naciones Unidas) por parte de todos los bandos. Todas las partes actuaron en contra del derecho internacional: Georgia, al lanzar un ataque militar contra Tsjinvali, la capital de Osetia del Sur; Moscú, con una intervención militar que superó con creces las necesidades de una defensa proporcionada de las fuerzas de paz rusas en Tsjinvali que habían sido objeto del ataque georgiano. Y aunque Osetia del Sur actuó en legítima defensa contra el ataque de artillería georgiano, ciertamente infringió el derecho internacional al seguir combatiendo en aldeas de etnia principalmente georgiana después de que el 12 de agosto de 2008 se acordase el alto el fuego. Además, a pesar de los argumentos abjazios, la captura del alto Valle del Kodori fue contraria al derecho internacional.</p>
<p>En lo referente a los controvertidos asuntos relacionados con el Derecho Humanitario Internacional y la Ley de Derechos Humanos, una de las principales conclusiones del Informe es que todas las partes los han quebrantado masivamente. La Misión llegó a la conclusión de que las alegaciones planteadas por Rusia y Osetia del Sur de que los georgianos cometieron genocidio contra la población de Osetia del Sur siguen sin sostenerse debido, entre otras razones, a la ausencia de la intención específica exigida conforme al derecho internacional para que se establezca el genocidio. Por otra parte, hay serios indicios de que en muchos casos se produjo una limpieza étnica contra habitantes de etnia georgiana y sus aldeas y asentamientos en Osetia del Sur. Hay otras muchas infracciones de la Ley de Derechos Humanos cometidas por los dos bandos en el transcurso de las hostilidades, como los ataques indiscriminados, el maltrato a las personas, la destrucción arbitraria de inmuebles y los desplazamientos forzosos, las palizas, las detenciones ilegales y la toma de rehenes. Se plantean dudas respecto a la determinación o la capacidad de las fuerzas rusas para prevenir y parar las transgresiones perpetradas por las fuerzas regulares y los grupos armados irregulares de Osetia del Sur antes y después de que entrase en vigor el alto el fuego.</p>
<p>El informe concluye con el segundo plan (de aplicación) de alto el fuego firmado por Rusia y Georgia, en el que actuó como intermediario el presidente [francés] Nicolas Sarkozy el 8 de septiembre de 2008. En ese momento los acontecimientos volvieron a la mesa de negociaciones y se trasladaron así nuevamente del campo de batalla a la diplomacia.</p>
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		<title>Le conflit géorgien : une leçon pour l&#8217;Europe</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27113/le-conflit-georgien-une-lecon-pour-leurope/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27113/le-conflit-georgien-une-lecon-pour-leurope/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2009 18:10:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Política Exterior]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto armado]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27113</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Heidi Tagliavini</strong>, diplomate suisse et chef de la mission internationale d&#8217;enquête sur le conflit en Géorgie (LE MONDE, 01/10/09):</p>
<p>Il y a un an, l&#8217;Union européenne, menée par une présidence française dynamique, a contribué à mettre un terme à une guerre qui a causé la mort de 850 Géorgiens et le déplacement de 138 000 autres, qui se sont ajoutés aux 220 000 déplacés de la précédente guerre en 1992. Pour la première fois de son histoire, l&#8217;Union européenne a alors créé une commission d&#8217;enquête indépendante, chargée d&#8217;examiner de près les événements de l&#8217;été 2008 et leur contexte, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27113/le-conflit-georgien-une-lecon-pour-leurope/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Heidi Tagliavini</strong>, diplomate suisse et chef de la mission internationale d&#8217;enquête sur le conflit en Géorgie (LE MONDE, 01/10/09):</p>
<p>Il y a un an, l&#8217;Union européenne, menée par une présidence française dynamique, a contribué à mettre un terme à une guerre qui a causé la mort de 850 Géorgiens et le déplacement de 138 000 autres, qui se sont ajoutés aux 220 000 déplacés de la précédente guerre en 1992. Pour la première fois de son histoire, l&#8217;Union européenne a alors créé une commission d&#8217;enquête indépendante, chargée d&#8217;examiner de près les événements de l&#8217;été 2008 et leur contexte, pour tenter de découvrir ce qui avait tellement mal fonctionné afin d&#8217;éviter une répétition tragique de tels faits. Son rapport vient d&#8217;être publié et contient une leçon importante pour l&#8217;Europe.</p>
<p>Nous ne considérons pas notre travail comme étant celui d&#8217;un tribunal : de même que dans la plupart des événements catastrophiques, il y a plusieurs causes à la guerre d&#8217;août 2008. La plus immédiate a été le bombardement de Tskhinvali, la capitale de la province sécessionniste de l&#8217;Ossétie du Sud, le 7 août 2008, par les forces géorgiennes, suivi par une riposte disproportionnée de la Russie. Un autre facteur aggravant a été le manque de progrès, pendant plus de quinze ans, dans le règlement des deux &#8220;conflits gelés&#8221; de l&#8217;Abkhazie et de l&#8217;Ossétie du Sud.</p>
<p>Une situation de fait a été créée sur le terrain lorsque la Russie a distribué systématiquement des passeports aux habitants d&#8217;Abkhazie et d&#8217;Ossétie du Sud, clamant sa responsabilité à l&#8217;égard des &#8220;personnes&#8221; habitant dans ce qu&#8217;elle appelait <em>&#8220;l&#8217;étranger proche&#8221;</em> ; cela sans consulter la Géorgie, dont l&#8217;intégrité territoriale était ainsi de plus en plus remise en question. Pendant ce temps, la Géorgie faisait le &#8220;forcing&#8221; pour accélérer son adhésion à l&#8217;OTAN et ainsi entamer, avec le soutien des Etats-Unis, de l&#8217;Ukraine et d&#8217;Israël, une modernisation approfondie de ses forces armées, dont le budget est passé de 1% à 8 % du PIB ; des bases militaires près de l&#8217;Abkhazie et de l&#8217;Ossétie du Sud étaient en train d&#8217;être modernisées.</p>
<p>Ce renforcement n&#8217;était à l&#8217;évidence pas compatible avec les appels émanant de différentes capitales prônant de ne pas recourir à la force. En fait, en 2007 et début 2008, les accords de cessez-le-feu conclus après la première guerre de Géorgie devenaient de plus en plus fragiles, alors que les forces russes ne se privaient pas d&#8217;abattre les drones survolant l&#8217;Abkhazie ; en outre, des incidents dangereux, provoqués par les deux parties, se produisaient de plus en plus souvent.</p>
<p>Avec la présence de l&#8217;ONU, de l&#8217;OSCE et de l&#8217;UE, les organisations internationales ne manquaient pas en Géorgie, mais la communauté internationale, y compris le Conseil de sécurité, a détourné ses regards, comme si elle avait non seulement renoncé à régler le conflit sous-jacent, mais également à tenir à bout de bras un cessez-le-feu de plus en plus fragile. Le décor était donc planté pour une confrontation violente.</p>
<p>A l&#8217;époque où la diplomatie préventive était considérée à juste titre comme une priorité, il faut avouer que le conflit de 2008 était prévisible et évitable. Aujourd&#8217;hui tout le monde a perdu : la Géorgie est divisée. Les républiques dissidentes de l&#8217;Abkhazie et de l&#8217;Ossétie du Sud ne sont reconnues que par une poignée de pays et qui plus est, plus de 35 000 personnes vivent dans des camps avec un avenir incertain. Comment un résultat aussi désastreux aurait-il pu être évité ?</p>
<p>On aurait certainement pu faire un meilleur usage des différentes organisations internationales impliquées. Mais cela aurait nécessité un engagement véritable de tous les acteurs clés en faveur de ce que l&#8217;Union européenne appelle un <em>&#8220;multilatéralisme efficace&#8221;</em>.</p>
<p>Dans le cas de la Géorgie, l&#8217;implication de puissances extérieures n&#8217;a servi qu&#8217;à durcir les positions plutôt qu&#8217;à créer une base commune. L&#8217;on n&#8217;a pas cherché à reconnaître les véritables préoccupations de chaque partie au conflit, comme si un entêtement à vouloir s&#8217;accrocher à des positions incompatibles allait être favorable à un règlement pacifique. En fin de compte, c&#8217;est l&#8217;unilatéralisme &#8211; l&#8217;indifférence quant à l&#8217;impact de ses propres actions sur les perceptions de l&#8217;autre partie &#8211; qui est devenu le principe directeur.</p>
<p>La communauté internationale peut faire mieux, sans pour autant avoir à réinventer la roue. Il lui suffit de revenir à la charte des Nations unies et aux principes énoncés à Helsinki en 1975. Des relations de bon voisinage requièrent tout d&#8217;abord que la menace ou l&#8217;usage de la force, sans parler des crimes de guerre tels que ceux commis pendant la guerre en 2008, soient complètement interdits, de même que l&#8217;intimidation d&#8217;un petit pays par un grand. Cela exige également que les questions délicates liées à l&#8217;effondrement de l&#8217;URSS, dont beaucoup sont loin d&#8217;être résolues, soient abordées avec un engagement sincère et avec bonne foi.</p>
<p>Alors que l&#8217;Europe, par le référendum irlandais du 2 octobre, continue à rebâtir son image de zone de paix et de droit, notre rapport montre que les forces de l&#8217;unilatéralisme et de la violence sont toujours à l&#8217;oeuvre dans le paysage politique de ce continent. Un ordre européen stable doit se fonder sur la prééminence du droit et un véritable engagement en faveur du multilatéralisme.</p>
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		<title>The saviour of Georgia?</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27119/the-saviour-of-georgia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27119/the-saviour-of-georgia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2009 21:58:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto territorial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=27119</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Neal Ascherson</strong>, a Scottish journalist and writer (THE GUARDIAN, 28/09/09):</p>
<p>&#8216;The Russians like what they see in <a title="Georgia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/country-profile/georgia">Georgia</a> at the  moment.&#8221; <a title="Irakli Alasania" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/8047946.stm">Irakli  Alasania</a>, the young Georgian whom many in the west would like to see  replacing <a title="Mikheil Saakashvili" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/aug/06/georgia-saakashvili-russia-ossetia">Mikheil  Saakashvili</a> as president, was in London this month, commenting bitterly on  his country&#8217;s diplomatic impotence.</p>
<p>Alasania, at 34, is already an experienced  politician with global contacts, especially in the United States, where the  Obama administration is showing signs of impatience with Saakashvili&#8217;s  obstinacy. More than a year after the <a title="disastrous war" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/20/russia.georgia1">disastrous  war</a> with Russia over South Ossetia, Georgia is still insisting on &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/27119/the-saviour-of-georgia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Neal Ascherson</strong>, a Scottish journalist and writer (THE GUARDIAN, 28/09/09):</p>
<p>&#8216;The Russians like what they see in <a title="Georgia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/country-profile/georgia">Georgia</a> at the  moment.&#8221; <a title="Irakli Alasania" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/8047946.stm">Irakli  Alasania</a>, the young Georgian whom many in the west would like to see  replacing <a title="Mikheil Saakashvili" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/aug/06/georgia-saakashvili-russia-ossetia">Mikheil  Saakashvili</a> as president, was in London this month, commenting bitterly on  his country&#8217;s diplomatic impotence.</p>
<p>Alasania, at 34, is already an experienced  politician with global contacts, especially in the United States, where the  Obama administration is showing signs of impatience with Saakashvili&#8217;s  obstinacy. More than a year after the <a title="disastrous war" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/20/russia.georgia1">disastrous  war</a> with Russia over South Ossetia, Georgia is still insisting on its  &#8220;territorial integrity&#8221;, and yet the de facto independence of Abkhazia and South  Ossetia has been a reality for 16 years now.</p>
<p>In the wake of the war, Russia formally recognised the independence of both  territories. But the outgoing Bush administration, Nato and the European Union  all passionately endorsed the Georgian position. Western media still refer to  &#8220;breakaway Georgian regions&#8221;. An open letter in last week&#8217;s Guardian, signed by  the Czech ex-president Vaclav Havel and several other veterans of the 1989  revolutions, urged the world to defend Georgia&#8217;s &#8220;territorial integrity&#8221;. The  same week, the latest round of Geneva talks on &#8220;security in the South Caucasus&#8221;  broke up without results – a proposed &#8220;no use of force&#8221; agreement stalled by  Georgian reluctance.</p>
<p>But elsewhere the Abkhazian situation has suddenly begun to move. Last week,  Venezuela joined Nicaragua and Russia in recognising Abkhazia, a small, fertile  strip along the Black Sea coast. Unlike South Ossetia, Abkhazia does not want to  become a Russian protectorate, although it is becoming steadily more dependent  on Russian military and economic backing.</p>
<p>Last month the Georgian-Abkhazian standoff went naval. A Georgian patrol boat  seized a Turkish ship heading for Abkhazia with a cargo of petrol and diesel,  and its captain was given a 24-year jail sentence for &#8220;smuggling&#8221;. It was a  risky act. Since the August war, the Abkhazian coast has been guarded by Russian  missile cruisers from the Black Sea fleet. A few days ago, the Russians sent a  patrol boat with the mission to arrest any Georgian ships entering Abkhazian  waters. The Black Sea is heating up. Turkish diplomats flew to Georgia and  secured the release of their captain. But then, against Georgian advice, one of  them went on to hold talks in Sukhum, the Abkhazian capital. It looks as if a  new Turkish policy for the region may be emerging.</p>
<p>Turkey has a large Abkhazian minority anxious to break their motherland&#8217;s  isolation. Can the Georgians be persuaded to allow regular contact between  Turkey and Abkhazia – for instance, a ferry service between Sukhum and the port  of Trabzon? This could lead to a joint strategy between Georgia, Turkey and  Abkhazia, aiming to reduce Abkhazia&#8217;s dependence on Russia. That, in turn, could  open the way to a Georgian-Abkhazian rapprochement, shelving the &#8220;territorial  integrity&#8221; problem.</p>
<p>Irakli Alasania is about the only Georgian politician whom the Abkhazian  leaders respect. His father was killed – some say murdered – in the 1993-94 war  as Abkhazia defeated Georgia. And yet when he was in charge of negotiations with  them, he was able to reach at least an outline agreement. But President  Saakshvili rejected it, and Alasania was &#8220;exiled&#8221; as ambassador to the UN. On  the eve of the war in 2008, he made a flying visit to Sukhum in a vain effort to  secure a new understanding. After the war he broke with Saakashvili, and now  leads the opposition Our Georgia-Free Democrats party.</p>
<p>In London, Alasania was wary. He still describes the August war as &#8220;Russian  aggression&#8221;, though with &#8220;mistakes on the Georgian side&#8221;. But he remains  convinced that peaceful association with Abkhazia is possible, and thinks the  Abkhaz wish for stability and a secure ethnic identity is sincere.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, Georgia is in a trap. By clinging to the unreal claim that  Abkhazia and South Ossetia are provinces under foreign occupation, Georgia has  lost its freedom of manoeuvre. Russia is given a permanent excuse to &#8220;intervene  to preserve peace&#8221;, and to tighten its grip on Abkhazia. The threat of fresh  conflict means that Georgia&#8217;s Nato membership is indefinitely postponed, and  that President Saakashvili&#8217;s government remains dependent on western, mainly  American, support.</p>
<p>Maybe Georgian helplessness suits the big powers. It certainly suits Russia.  That&#8217;s what Irakli Alasania means by the Russians liking what they see. But if  he can convert enough voters to a radical new policy, he might be the man to  free Georgia from its trap.</p>
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		<title>El mosaico del Cáucaso</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26747/el-mosaico-del-caucaso/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26747/el-mosaico-del-caucaso/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 19:09:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Terrorismo]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26747</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Walter Laqueur</strong>, director del Centro de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos de Washington. Traducción: Juan Gabriel López Guix (LA VANGUARDIA, 09/09/09):</p>
<p>Apenas pasa un día sin que se produzca un importante atentado en el Cáucaso septentrional. Las víctimas son políticos destacados, jefes del ejército y la policía, pero también civiles y, con frecuencia, mujeres: maestras, trabajadoras de una sauna, incluso adivinas, enemigos favoritos de los terroristas. ¿Cuán grave es esta campaña? ¿Quién está tras ella y por qué les resulta a los rusos tan difícil reprimirla?</p>
<p>No hay respuesta breve a estas preguntas. El Cáucaso tiene una larga historia &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26747/el-mosaico-del-caucaso/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Walter Laqueur</strong>, director del Centro de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicos de Washington. Traducción: Juan Gabriel López Guix (LA VANGUARDIA, 09/09/09):</p>
<p>Apenas pasa un día sin que se produzca un importante atentado en el Cáucaso septentrional. Las víctimas son políticos destacados, jefes del ejército y la policía, pero también civiles y, con frecuencia, mujeres: maestras, trabajadoras de una sauna, incluso adivinas, enemigos favoritos de los terroristas. ¿Cuán grave es esta campaña? ¿Quién está tras ella y por qué les resulta a los rusos tan difícil reprimirla?</p>
<p>No hay respuesta breve a estas preguntas. El Cáucaso tiene una larga historia de violencia. Shamil, el héroe de la liberación nacional, luchó contra el ejército ruso durante veinticinco años en el siglo XIX. Sin embargo, Shamil no sólo fue un dirigente militar de gran talento, sino también un político inteligente, y conocía los límites de la violencia, cuándo iniciarla y cuándo detenerla. Tampoco se trata, por otra parte, de una lucha de los rusos contra todos los demás. El Cáucaso es una región con muchas lenguas y nacionalidades (sólo en Daguestán hay unas cuarenta).</p>
<p>Durante el dominio soviético, la región permaneció cerrada mucho tiempo a los extranjeros, y yo fui uno de los primeros en visitar el Cáucaso septentrional tras su reapertura. Me impresionaron dos cosas. Ante todo, la magnificencia del paisaje: las montañas, los bosques, el fastuoso panorama. Era como una Suiza sin turistas. Mi otra vívida impresión fue la soterrada hostilidad mutua de los grupos nacionales que habitan la zona. En apariencia, todo parecía tranquilo: el KGB se encargaba de ello, y viajar resultaba bastante seguro.</p>
<p>Con el derrumbe soviético, reaparecieron las viejas hostilidades, y los yihadistas de Oriente Medio consideraron que había llegado la hora de extender su influencia (y quizá su dominio) a las regiones musulmanas de la antigua URSS. No tuvieron demasiado éxito en la región del Volga (Tartaristán) ni tampoco en Moscú, donde hoy viven entre 1 y 2 millones de musulmanes. Esas regiones (Kazán y Ufá) están desarrolladas económicamente, el nivel cultural es más elevado y no desean iniciar una marcha hacia la edad media. Los emisarios islamistas intentaron infiltrarse en las mezquitas y las escuelas musulmanas, pero las autoridades se mostraron vigilantes. Además, los musulmanes autóctonos han vivido en paz durante siglos con los rusos vecinos. Es cierto que ha habido quejas contra Moscú y que los musulmanes locales siguen presionando por demandas políticas. Pero la guerra civil en el Cáucaso ha actuado de modo disuasorio y es lo último que desean.</p>
<p>El Cáucaso, por otra parte, parece ofrecer mejores oportunidades. Rusia ha tardado dos guerras, que se han cobrado más de 100.000 vidas civiles y militares, en restaurar cierto orden en Chechenia y en imponer unos gobernantes considerados de confianza (hasta cierto punto). El caso es que el régimen de los Kadirov (primero, el del padre, asesinado mientras contemplaba un partido de fútbol, y ahora el del hijo) sólo puede mantenerse ejerciendo una represión considerable. Así que ha prevalecido una situación paradójica. Grozny, la capital destruida en las dos guerras, está ahora reconstruida; y hay incluso un rascacielos de 40 pisos. Todo ello se ha logrado al precio de una mayor represión. No toda la oposición a los Kadirov es islamista y extremista, y en las últimas semanas los rusos han empezado a hablar (por intermediarios) con los elementos más moderados de la emigración chechena (sobre todo, en Londres). ¿Se alcanzará con esto la paz en la región?</p>
<p>Cabe dudarlo, porque mientras tanto el terrorismo se ha extendido a las pequeñas repúblicas colindantes con Chechenia. Y una de las razones ha sido el elevado desempleo entre los jóvenes (del 70%-80%), lo cual explica por qué los yihadistas han encontrado un gran respaldo en países como Daguestán, que es extremadamente pobre y no podría sobrevivir sin la ayuda económica rusa. Los rebeldes islamistas del Cáucaso septentrional proclaman que su objetivo es un Estado unido, pero tal pretensión parece una fantasía si tenemos en cuenta los muchos pueblos y nacionalidades de la zona.</p>
<p>¿Cuál será la política de los rusos? No diferirá de la llevada a cabo en el pasado: nombrar dirigentes locales que colaboren con ellos, al menos de momento. Les concederán una autonomía limitada: en Chechenia se ha introducido la charia y sopesan reintroducir la poligamia. Muchos portavoces de la derecha rusa sueñan con una gran alianza euroasiática que incluya no sólo a China sino también a India e incluso a Irán; una alianza de orientación antioccidental, pero que actúe como factor estabilizador en los asuntos internos rusos. Los rusos apoyarán a sus vecinos de Oriente Medio, pero esperarán de ellos que no intervengan en sus asuntos internos (como, por ejemplo, en las peticiones de los musulmanes rusos).</p>
<p>Pero los países asiáticos no están interesados en una alianza estrecha con Rusia. Y, de llegarse a ella, Rusia sería el socio pequeño, no el mayor.</p>
<p>A corto plazo, los combates de la guerrilla y el terrorismo pararán al llegar el otoño y el invierno. En el Cáucaso, las luchas sólo estallan en verano, no en las demás estaciones; porque los bosques ya no ofrecen protección a los atacantes. Pero a largo plazo la llegada del invierno no resolverá los profundos problemas del Cáucaso. La región seguirá convulsa y peligrosa.</p>
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		<title>Les fantômes de la &#8220;saison turque&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26682/les-fantomes-de-la-saison-turque/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26682/les-fantomes-de-la-saison-turque/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Sep 2009 19:47:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armenia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crímenes de guerra o contra la Humanidad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turquía]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26682</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Ara Toranian</strong>, directeur de &#8220;Nouvelles d&#8217;Arménie Magazine&#8221; (LE MONDE, 05/09/09):</p>
<p><em>Après tout, qui se souvient du massacre des Arméniens ?&#8221;</em>, lançait Hitler aux commandants en chef de l&#8217;armée allemande le 22 août 1939, quelques jours avant l&#8217;invasion de la Pologne. Cette question terrible pourrait être posée à Culturesfrance, l&#8217;opérateur délégué des ministères des affaires étrangères et de la culture chargé de la saison turque en France (juillet 2009-mars 2010).</p>
<p>En effet, on cherchera en vain à l&#8217;affiche de cet événement, qui revendique plus de 400 manifestations et débats sur la Turquie, la moindre allusion au premier génocide &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26682/les-fantomes-de-la-saison-turque/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Ara Toranian</strong>, directeur de &#8220;Nouvelles d&#8217;Arménie Magazine&#8221; (LE MONDE, 05/09/09):</p>
<p><em>Après tout, qui se souvient du massacre des Arméniens ?&#8221;</em>, lançait Hitler aux commandants en chef de l&#8217;armée allemande le 22 août 1939, quelques jours avant l&#8217;invasion de la Pologne. Cette question terrible pourrait être posée à Culturesfrance, l&#8217;opérateur délégué des ministères des affaires étrangères et de la culture chargé de la saison turque en France (juillet 2009-mars 2010).</p>
<p>En effet, on cherchera en vain à l&#8217;affiche de cet événement, qui revendique plus de 400 manifestations et débats sur la Turquie, la moindre allusion au premier génocide du XX<sup>e</sup> siècle. Ce silence est trop systématique pour ne pas être suspecté de complaisance envers les pires turpitudes de l&#8217;Etat turc. Il questionne d&#8217;autant plus que ce crime sur lequel s&#8217;est construite la Turquie moderne fait l&#8217;objet d&#8217;un négationnisme officiel contre lequel ont réagi près d&#8217;une trentaine de pays dans le monde (dont la France en 2001) en reconnaissant le génocide des Arméniens.</p>
<p>Ce black-out contraste en outre avec le début de prise de conscience qui est en train de s&#8217;opérer dans ce pays à la faveur d&#8217;une pétition lancée par quatre intellectuels turcs, qui, tout en contournant le mot génocide (dont l&#8217;emploi est susceptible de poursuites avec l&#8217;article 301 du code pénal), demandent <em>&#8220;pardon&#8221;</em> aux Arméniens. Alors pourquoi ce mutisme à contre-courant, alors que, par ailleurs, les initiateurs de cette pétition sont mis à contribution, sur d&#8217;autres thématiques, dans les différents débats qui émaillent la saison turque ?</p>
<p>Faut-il en déduire que Culturesfrance instrumentalise cette partie <em>&#8220;présentable et exportable&#8221;</em> de l&#8217;intelligentsia du pays pour offrir au public français l&#8217;image d&#8217;une Turquie moderne et sans tache ? Mais que parallèlement elle a fait sien le &#8220;tabou arménien&#8221; entretenu comme un abcès de fixation par l&#8217;Etat turc nationaliste et réactionnaire ? Une approche qui va contre le sens de l&#8217;histoire, à l&#8217;heure où les dirigeants turcs, tenant compte de la pression internationale et de la promesse (menace) de Barack Obama de faire reconnaître à son tour le génocide par les Etats-Unis, viennent d&#8217;accepter de créer avec l&#8217;Arménie, dans une tentative de normalisation, une <em>&#8220;commission à dimension historique&#8221;</em>.</p>
<p>Ainsi, l&#8217;amnésie organisée de cette saison, qui va jusqu&#8217;à l&#8217;effacement des caractéristiques arméniennes de la Turquie, maltraite ici une culture qui souffre déjà de discrimination là-bas. Cette attitude n&#8217;honore guère les valeurs de la patrie de Descartes et des droits de l&#8217;homme.</p>
<p>Mais l&#8217;objectif revendiqué de cette saison, qui intervient dans la foulée de l&#8217;Année de l&#8217;Arménie (juillet 2006-2007), comme une tentative maladroite de compensation, demeure loin de ce type de considérations. Cette saison ne vise-t-elle pas surtout à restaurer l&#8217;image d&#8217;une Turquie noircie par le génocide, le négationnisme, l&#8217;oppression de ses minorités, les bombardements contre les Kurdes, l&#8217;occupation de Chypre et un blocus impitoyable sur l&#8217;Arménie ? Une Turquie que les dirigeants actuels essayent tant bien que mal de libérer de quatre-vingt-dix ans de kémalo-fascisme pour y substituer un <em>&#8220;islamisme modéré et tolérant&#8221;</em> et dont les tentatives ne seront pas favorisées par les faiblesses de Culturesfrance envers les péchés du nationalisme turc.</p>
<p>Dans son article de présentation (&#8220;La longue marche vers l&#8217;Occident&#8221;), le site Internet de la saison turque caviarde encore les cadavres des minorités chrétiennes qui jonchent cette &#8220;longue marche&#8221;. Les évoquer serait montrer que cet Etat, qui a pour ambition d&#8217;intégrer l&#8217;UE, a commencé par tuer ce qu&#8217;il y avait de plus européen en lui, en termes culturel, sociétal et religieux. Mieux vaut donc taire cet aspect des choses qui cadre mal avec les clichés utilisés par Ankara pour fustiger, au nom de la diversité, le <em>&#8220;club chrétien </em>&#8221; que serait l&#8217;Europe et pour incarner, la main sur le coeur, le droit à la différence ! Un comble.</p>
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		<title>Where Violence Flourishes</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26474/where-violence-flourishes/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26474/where-violence-flourishes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2009 13:33:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26474</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Masha Lipman</strong>, editor of the Carnegie Moscow Center&#8217;s Pro et Contra journal who writes a monthly column for The Post (THE WASHINGTON POST, 24/08/09):</p>
<p>Last Monday a truck loaded with explosives rammed the gate of a police station in Ingushetia, a tiny republic in North Caucasus. The suicide <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/17/AR2009081700153.html">attack</a> killed more than 20 police officers and injured a hundred civilians. Violence in Ingushetia and the region at large is rising, the result of incompetent local governance as well as the Kremlin&#8217;s neglect.</p>
<p>North Caucasus presents a huge challenge to the Russian government. The territory stretches from the Black &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26474/where-violence-flourishes/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Masha Lipman</strong>, editor of the Carnegie Moscow Center&#8217;s Pro et Contra journal who writes a monthly column for The Post (THE WASHINGTON POST, 24/08/09):</p>
<p>Last Monday a truck loaded with explosives rammed the gate of a police station in Ingushetia, a tiny republic in North Caucasus. The suicide <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/17/AR2009081700153.html">attack</a> killed more than 20 police officers and injured a hundred civilians. Violence in Ingushetia and the region at large is rising, the result of incompetent local governance as well as the Kremlin&#8217;s neglect.</p>
<p>North Caucasus presents a huge challenge to the Russian government. The territory stretches from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in European Russia and includes several republics, or ethnic administrative regions, all of which are weak or dysfunctional economies dependent on allocations from Moscow. It is home to poverty, extreme unemployment, rampant crime and corruption. The population is predominantly Muslim; locals cling to traditional practices and culture; and Russian laws are barely observed. Among its scores of ethnic groups, interethnic relations are often tense or hostile.</p>
<p>In recent years, the Kremlin has relied on handpicked leaders. Moscow funds them and turns a blind eye to the blatant embezzlement and corruption in the region as well as those leaders&#8217; heavy-handed governance. For their part, the politicians pledge loyalty to Moscow and deliver an overwhelming pro-Moscow vote during elections.</p>
<p>By rejecting responsibility for law and order in North Caucasus, the Kremlin has probably sought to avoid fomenting anti-Russian sentiments. Moscow is concerned about security in Russia at large, but its security priority for North Caucasus has been simply to contain violence so it would not spill outside the region. With no steady check on illegal behavior, it was only a matter of time before violence spun out of control. Consider developments in three places:</p>
<p>In Chechnya, where Russia had engaged in two atrocious wars against anti-Russian insurgents, the Kremlin has empowered Ramzan Kadyrov. Russian servicemen no longer fight in Chechnya, and until recently Kadyrov kept his territory reasonably peaceful. The Chechen terrorist attacks that began in the mid-1990s fell off after about 10 years. Kadyrov&#8217;s highly valued service and his loyalty to Moscow earned him impunity; he&#8217;s a brutal ruler, and his tenure has been marked with an abominable human rights record. In the past month alone, two human rights activists were <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/11/AR2009081101322.html">killed</a>. Kadyrov&#8217;s rivals and enemies have been methodically eliminated; two assassinations &#8212; in 2006 and 2008 &#8212; took place in broad daylight in central Moscow. Today, Kadyrov is granted free rein; arguably, he enjoys more autonomy than his insurgent predecessors &#8212; all killed in battles with Russia &#8212; ever hoped to achieve. Lately, however, even Kadyrov&#8217;s inhuman methods have failed to keep Chechnya under control. A number of deadly attacks on police and administrative officials have been reported this summer. Last week, at least four policemen were killed in the Chechen capital of Grozny by suicide bombers on bicycles.</p>
<p>For its part, Ingushetia was once blessed with a wise leader revered by his people, Ruslan Aushev. The Kremlin, wary of Aushev&#8217;s popularity, which made him too independent, forced Aushev to relinquish his post to a loyal but incompetent president whose unlawful and ferocious methods antagonized many locals. Gradually, Ingushetia became home to a vicious circle of violence: The local government harshly persecuted anyone regarded as a challenge to its authority; the victims of brutal treatment sought revenge on the police, and more severe, punitive measures followed. When the Kremlin finally decided to replace its puppet leader, the situation was out of control. Desperate avengers, clannish feuders, religious radicals and criminal forces nurtured by corruption all battled their adversaries. The new Ingush leader appointed about a year ago tried a more reasonable approach to governance &#8212; and was severely wounded in a June assault.</p>
<p>The situation in Dagestan is hardly better. A Newsweek reporter who traveled there this <a href="http://mobile.newsweek.com/detail.jsp?key=55219&amp;rc=wo&amp;p=0&amp;all=1">month</a> noted that &#8220;police are blown up, shot on the side of the road, and killed in their beds as part of an ethnic battle&#8221; between the politically dominant ethnic group and dozens of the less privileged.</p>
<p>The upsurge of violence in North Caucasus is a consequence of outrageous abuses of authority by local leaders and the Kremlin&#8217;s irresponsible policies. Politically, the Russian government has no worries; it has no political opposition to challenge its policies, and people at large wouldn&#8217;t hold the Kremlin to account for the rising violence in North Caucasus. As long as the violence stays away from their homes, they pay little if any attention to developments in this restive region. In a sense, many Russians don&#8217;t regard North Caucasus as part of their country, and it is not uncommon to hear people say on radio shows or in private conversations that the Caucasus republics should be let go.</p>
<p>That, of course, is not a solution. First, the North Caucasus republics are not seeking independence. Why would they, if allocations from the Russian budget sustain them? And, second, their location ensures that their countless problems are Russia&#8217;s responsibility.</p>
<p>After the assault on the Ingush police station last week, President Dmitry Medvedev said in a statement that the roots of violence are &#8220;in the conditions of our life, in unemployment and poverty, in the clans that have no care for the people but are only concerned with cash flow.&#8221; In fact, however, the Russian government does not appear capable of, or willing to seriously address these issues.</p>
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		<title>Crisis del Cáucaso: un año después</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26250/crisis-del-caucaso-un-ano-despues/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2009 21:13:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conflicto territorial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26250</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Alexander V. Surikov</strong>,   encargado de negocios de la Federación Rusa en España (LA VANGUARDIA, 08/08/09):</p>
<p>En la noche del 8 de agosto del 2008 el ejército de Georgia, empleando artillería pesada, carros de combate y aviación, arremetió contra la durmiente ciudad de Tsjinvali, capital de Osetia del Sur. Este acto premeditado de represión acarreó la muerte de centenares de personas, incluidos ciudadanos y cascos azules rusos, y causó un flujo masivo de refugiados. Hoy, un año después de esta tragedia, vale la pena analizar algunas lecciones al respecto.</p>
<p>La primera lección consiste en que no hay alternativa al &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26250/crisis-del-caucaso-un-ano-despues/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Alexander V. Surikov</strong>,   encargado de negocios de la Federación Rusa en España (LA VANGUARDIA, 08/08/09):</p>
<p>En la noche del 8 de agosto del 2008 el ejército de Georgia, empleando artillería pesada, carros de combate y aviación, arremetió contra la durmiente ciudad de Tsjinvali, capital de Osetia del Sur. Este acto premeditado de represión acarreó la muerte de centenares de personas, incluidos ciudadanos y cascos azules rusos, y causó un flujo masivo de refugiados. Hoy, un año después de esta tragedia, vale la pena analizar algunas lecciones al respecto.</p>
<p>La primera lección consiste en que no hay alternativa al arreglo político de conflictos. Mijail Saakashvili, presidente de Georgia, despreció este principio intentando resolver el conflicto por la fuerza y acabó fusilando la integridad territorial de su propio país. Dudo que entre los lectores de este artículo haya optimistas irremediables que de veras crean en que los surosetios y abjasios voluntariamente o bajo una amenaza de fuerza regresen a Georgia. ¿Qué es lo que ven? Una falta de arrepentimiento de los líderes políticos por el crimen cometido y una nueva militarización de Georgia. Los pueblos de Osetia del Sur y Abjasia entendieron que asegurar su supervivencia y garantizar su seguridad se podía hacer sólo con el reconocimiento de su derecho a la autodeterminación y formación de estados independientes. Su independencia hoy es una realidad ya irreversible y, por más que digan algunos, tarde o temprano tendrán que tomarlo en consideración.</p>
<p>Hay políticos que en sus declaraciones, recurriendo a los dobles raseros, se muestran críticos con Rusia por su reconocimiento de la independencia de Osetia del Sur y Abjasia. Paradójicamente esta crítica proviene de los mismos estados que en contra de las resoluciones de la ONU reconocieron la independencia de Kosovo. Este reconocimiento se consumó cuando la población de Kosovo llevaba diez años de desarrollo autonómico sin sufrir amenaza alguna, mientras que los habitantes de Osetia del Sur vivían la última década en permanente temor. Lamentablemente, esos mismos políticos no encontraron palabras de compasión hacia las víctimas ni condena de los atacantes.</p>
<p>La falta de un horizonte constructivo y atractivo para las minorías y al final una represión militar y la salida de Tiflis de los acuerdos, que constituían la base del proceso de arreglo político, privó de cualquier sentido la continuación de las negociaciones dentro del concepto de la integridad territorial de Georgia.</p>
<p>Por desgracia, a pesar de los trágicos acontecimientos de agosto del 2008, algunos países siguen ignorando el peligro de una nueva militarización de Georgia. Continúan los suministros de armamento a ese país violando los principios de la OSCE que recomiendan abstenerse de entregar armas a los países en zonas de conflicto. La peligrosidad de tal acción es claramente subestimada.</p>
<p>La tragedia de agosto confirmó la validez de las preocupaciones de Rusia en relación con la ampliación desenfrenada de la OTAN aglutinando regímenes y estados inmaduros. ¿Cómo se habrían desarrollado los acontecimientos si Georgia hubiese sido miembro de la Alianza?</p>
<p>La actuación común de Rusia y la Unión Europea para arreglar el conflicto desembocó en una cooperación constructiva que puede ser un factor de estabilidad en el espacio euroatlántico. Los acuerdos entre los presidentes de Rusia y Francia crearon la base de arreglo de la crisis, consolidaron el papel de la Unión Europea como garante del no uso de la fuerza por parte de Georgia contra Osetia del Sur y Abjasia.</p>
<p>Desgraciamente en las nuevas condiciones jurídicas y políticas en la región no ha sido posible conservar las misiones de observadores en la zona. No ha sido la opción de Rusia, que se pronuncia por la continuación de sus actividades. Estamos dispuestos a seguir buscando una forma de acuerdo que permita el regreso de los observadores de la OSCE y la ONU a la zona.</p>
<p>Después de la tragedia de Osetia del Sur quedó claro que el modelo de seguridad europea no es igual para todos y precisa una profunda reforma. La crisis evidenció su imperfección, la falta de mecanismos eficaces de prevención de conflictos y de arreglo de estos. De aquí la idea avanzada por el presidente de Rusia, Dimitri Medvedev, de elaborar un nuevo tratado europeo de seguridad basado en el concepto de la indivisibilidad de esta. Sólo un tratado que establezca compromisos  concretos y mecanismos fiables y exija su cumplimiento puede garantizar una seguridad y estabilidad duraderas en nuestro continente.</p>
<p>Por supuesto, las lecciones de la crisis del Cáucaso no se limitan a las consideraciones expuestas. Los acontecimientos de agosto del 2008 seguirán estudiándose por analistas y políticos. Lo importante es que este proceso de reflexión no quede atrapado en los enfoques politizados, ideológicos, sino que sirva para encontrar caminos y medios adecuados capaces de consolidar la paz y estabilidad en el Cáucaso y Europa entera.</p>
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		<title>El Cáucaso tras la Guerra no tan Fría</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26240/el-caucaso-tras-la-guerra-no-tan-fria/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26240/el-caucaso-tras-la-guerra-no-tan-fria/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2009 14:00:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ex Repúblicas Soviéticas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26240</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Jesús López-Medel</strong>, ex presidente de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Ayuda Humanitaria de la Asamblea de la OSCE. Ha escrito el libro <em>La larga conquista de la libertad: Quince nuevos Estados tras la URSS a la búsqueda de su identidad</em>, Ed. Marcial Pons (EL MUNDO, 07/08/09):</p>
<p>Cualquier guerra se plantea para ganarla y tratar de modificar el signo de la historia. La que aconteció hace justo ahora un año en el Cáucaso apenas cambió el panorama, pero nos dejó varias lecciones que, como no pocas veces sucede, tardamos en aprender.</p>
<p>Tras la desintegración de la &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26240/el-caucaso-tras-la-guerra-no-tan-fria/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Jesús López-Medel</strong>, ex presidente de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Ayuda Humanitaria de la Asamblea de la OSCE. Ha escrito el libro <em>La larga conquista de la libertad: Quince nuevos Estados tras la URSS a la búsqueda de su identidad</em>, Ed. Marcial Pons (EL MUNDO, 07/08/09):</p>
<p>Cualquier guerra se plantea para ganarla y tratar de modificar el signo de la historia. La que aconteció hace justo ahora un año en el Cáucaso apenas cambió el panorama, pero nos dejó varias lecciones que, como no pocas veces sucede, tardamos en aprender.</p>
<p>Tras la desintegración de la URSS en agosto de 1991, salvo las tres repúblicas bálticas que accedieron inmediatamente a su independencia, los otros 12 estados que surgieron siguieron siendo gobernados por los veteranos dirigentes soviéticos. La excepción fue, precisamente, Rusia, donde la actitud de Yeltsin frente a los sectores comunistas más conservadores, fue la de aplicar grandes dosis de nacionalismo genuinamente ruso (desprovisto de una visión imperialista) y de un liberalismo y reformismo a gran escala. Todos los demás estados se quedaron, en general, paralizados en la orfandad tras el suicidio de la gran madre patria.</p>
<p>Georgia se convirtió, 11 años después de su independencia, en el primero de estos estados en cambiar a sus dirigentes históricos. Pese que allí gobernaba Shevernaze (el rostro afable de la perestroika de Gorbachov), su estancia en el poder le había llenado de nepotismo, corrupción y fraudes. En este pequeño país caucásico (la tierra donde nació Stalin) se produjo la primera revolución popular que traería a una nueva dirigencia, liderada por el joven Saakashvili, que, formado en EEUU, abrió un proceso democrático total en el país y marcaría muchas distancias respecto Moscú.</p>
<p>Rusia no olvidaría este viraje, máxime cuando el nuevo ocupante del Kremlin, Vladimir Putin, también estaba modificando el rumbo de su predecesor y yendo a un planteamiento de control totalizador de todas las instancias políticas y económicas de poder. Uno de los elementos que acertadamente utilizó era el de recuperar el orgullo patrio perdido, tan característico del alma rusa y tan vilipendiado desde que el imperio soviético se desmoronase.</p>
<p>En un intento de recuperar influencia sobre los estados soberanos que antaño formaron parte de la URSS, la actitud de los liberales y desafiantes dirigentes georgianos era un peligro, sobre todo porque, poco después, la moda de estas revoluciones de colores se extendió por otros países como Ucrania y Kirguizistán. Desde entonces, los actos de provocación del ejército ruso hacia Georgia fueron constantes, con presencia permanente de tropas, lanzamiento de misiles y el aliento a la secesión de regiones separatistas como Abjasia y Osetia del Sur.</p>
<p>Precisamente en esta última, el 7 de agosto del año pasado estalló el conflicto. El presidente de Georgia tomó la decisión de enviar allí tropas pretendiendo resolver militarmente un problema político. La reacción rusa fue más que contundente. Procedió a enviar miles de soldados al país caucásico bajo el pretexto de proteger a la abundante comunidad rusófona. Pero eso fue la excusa para que su ejército no se limitase a esa zona sino que se extendió por varias zonas del país, asolando territorios e infraestructuras y ocupando puntos neurálgicos y estratégicos como, entre otros, el puerto de Poti.</p>
<p>Suponía que Vuelve el Imperio, como titulé mi artículo en este periódico justo hace un año. La lección y demostración de fuerza que dieron la pareja Putin-Medvedev (este último con apenas cuatro meses como presidente) era un aviso rotundo, y no sólo para Georgia. Muchos nos preguntábamos entonces como Saakashvili había tomado esa errónea decisión, que iba a desencadenar una respuesta rusa tan previsible. También nos preguntábamos si Washington, que apoyaba con demasiada implicación a un país tan lejano, desconocía lo que iba a ocurrir.</p>
<p>Mientras los hechos reforzaban la popularidad de los dirigentes rusos, en el interior de Georgia, a pesar de que las políticas anti rusas resultaban inicialmente rentables, pasado el tiempo, tras el apoyo inicial a Saakashvili, cada vez fueron más las voces que denunciaron la torpeza o prepotencia de su decisión inicial, que se acabó saldando con una rotunda derrota y humillación de Georgia. Y a ello se acabó uniendo una oposición creciente hacia su estilo de gobernar.</p>
<p>Salvo el apoyo estadounidense de un Bush muy desprestigiado -que ya estaba en su recta final-, la comunidad internacional no enviaría un rotundo apoyo a la causa georgiana, tanto por el error de su presidente, como por lo que había supuesto de desestabilización de una zona de por sí muy convulsa. Por su parte, la Unión Europea actuó con gran tibieza -no hay que olvidar que es muy dependiente del poder energético ruso-, en un intento de no ofender en exceso a una potencia respecto la cual las progresivas vulneraciones de derechos humanos eran contestadas con un triste silencio por la vieja Europa, que contrastaba con la fobia anti rusa de los países recién incorporados a la UE y que habían vivido bajo la opresión comunista.</p>
<p>También hay que recordar la fiereza de la oposición rusa a la pretendida incorporación de algunos de estos países, como Georgia, a la OTAN, y el conflicto por el escudo antimisiles que estaba alentando una nueva Guerra Fría entre EEUU y Rusia.</p>
<p>Desde la llegada de Obama a la Casa Blanca, el escenario es bien distinto. De entrada, nos encontramos ante la sustitución de una política de bravuconadas tejanas y unas injerencias excesivas en el patio trasero ruso (igual que estos lo hacen con sus apoyos comerciales y políticos a Hugo Chávez) por otras políticas basadas en la cooperación y el diálogo. La visita en junio de Obama a Moscú, aunque no fue tan triunfante ni galáctica como otras por Europa, Oriente Medio o África, suponía, sin duda, un deshielo y un acento en el respeto mutuo.</p>
<p>El Cáucaso sigue siendo una zona caliente tras la Guerra Fría. Además de los otros dos países de la zona, Azerbaiyán y Armenia, largamente enfrentados por el conflicto congelado de Nagorno Karabaj, Georgia mantiene una tensión interna evidente. Hay que tener además muy presente que sectores rusos están alentando de nuevo una invasión a Georgia sobre la base de supuestas provocaciones nada creíbles.</p>
<p>Y a ello hay que sumar lo que sigue aconteciendo en otras repúblicas caucásicas integradas en la Federación Rusa, como es el caso de Chechenia. El asesinato reciente de la periodista Natalia Estemirova, que, al igual que Anna Politkovskaya, estaba comprometida con la verdad y los derechos humanos, ha vuelto a poner ocasionalmente de actualidad a nivel informativo una zona sobre la cual los dedicados a la geoestrategia prestan atención permanente como foco muy importante de conflictos étnicos, territoriales, religiosos, económicos, energéticos, armamentísticos, ideológicos, etcétera.</p>
<p>Allí sucede a pequeña escala, pero con gran intensidad, la permanente lucha por el poder que se produce en el más amplio tablero que es el planeta Tierra, 40 años después de que el hombre pusiera el pie en la Luna. Algunos, en el Cáucaso, parece que tienen allí su cabeza.</p>
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		<title>Georgia&#8217;s Unmet Promise</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26238/georgias-unmet-promise/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26238/georgias-unmet-promise/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2009 13:48:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26238</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Howard L. Berman</strong>, a Democratic representative from California and chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee (THE WASHINGTON POST, 07/08/09):</p>
<p>A year ago, Russia and Georgia went to <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/08/AR2008080800285.html">war</a>. The anniversary has renewed debate about the causes of the conflict and the future of the Caucasus region. Our country&#8217;s main focus now should be on helping Georgia cultivate the institutions that will promote democratic development and stability. Georgia has made considerable progress in physical recovery over the past year, but its political environment remains fragile and polarized, with a muzzled media, weak civil society and demonstrations in &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26238/georgias-unmet-promise/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Howard L. Berman</strong>, a Democratic representative from California and chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee (THE WASHINGTON POST, 07/08/09):</p>
<p>A year ago, Russia and Georgia went to <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/08/AR2008080800285.html">war</a>. The anniversary has renewed debate about the causes of the conflict and the future of the Caucasus region. Our country&#8217;s main focus now should be on helping Georgia cultivate the institutions that will promote democratic development and stability. Georgia has made considerable progress in physical recovery over the past year, but its political environment remains fragile and polarized, with a muzzled media, weak civil society and demonstrations in the streets.</p>
<p>Georgia has consistently expressed its strong</p>
<p>desire for modernization and integration into the Euro-Atlantic community, and the United States continues to view it as an important ally in this strategic region. At the request of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, I traveled to Georgia within days of the conflict last August to express solidarity with the Georgian people and to deliver humanitarian aid. The United States has since demonstrated its commitment by providing substantial assistance for post-conflict reconstruction.</p>
<p>During his recent trip to Moscow, President Obama reaffirmed that the United States supports Georgia&#8217;s sovereignty and its right to choose its own alliances, and that the United States will not recognize the independence of Georgia&#8217;s two separatist regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The president has also expressed U.S. backing for diplomatic efforts to restore Georgian territorial integrity. Vice President Biden visited the Georgian capital of</p>
<p>Tbilisi last month and <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/Vice-President-Biden-Reaffirms-Support-for-Georgia/">said</a>: &#8220;Our partnership rests on a foundation of shared democratic ideals. . . . and we will continue to support your work to fulfill the democratic promise of six years ago.&#8221;</p>
<p>The reforms needed to strengthen Georgia&#8217;s nascent democracy are well known: further development of fair electoral processes, an independent judiciary, respect for human rights and the rule of law, a vibrant civil society, independent media, accountable and transparent policymaking, and a balance of power between the executive and legislative branches. It is clear that President Mikheil Saakashvili understands what needs to be done. In a speech to parliament days before Mr. Biden&#8217;s visit, he proposed reforms that could significantly improve Georgia&#8217;s political system.</p>
<p>These proposals are strikingly similar to measures that Mr. Saakashvili outlined in September, when he <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/22/AR2008092202581.html">promised</a> the U.N. General Assembly that there would be a second &#8220;Rose Revolution&#8221; in Georgia. Now the reality must match the rhetoric. All Georgians have to work together to ensure that these reforms are fully implemented before presidential elections in 2013. Mr. Saakashvili and his government should bring the same energy and commitment to building democracy that they have demonstrated in restructuring the economy and public sector, while the opposition should come to the table and engage in constructive negotiations. The reforms must be deep and genuine; an amended tax code and streamlined bureaucracy, while important, do not by themselves constitute true democracy.</p>
<p>The United States should seize this opportunity to help Georgians engage in serious dialogue and introduce key changes. Yet only 4 percent of the assistance provided to Georgia in the wake of the conflict is currently allocated for programs to strengthen democracy. While this additional money would result in a short-term doubling of funds for democracy and governance programs, I am concerned that such funding will fall back to the previous inadequate levels in the critical phase preceding the 2013 election.</p>
<p>I have repeatedly called on the Bush and Obama administrations, in hearings and in legislation &#8212; most recently in the bill that authorizes the State Department&#8217;s activities, which the House passed in June &#8212; to focus on Georgia&#8217;s political development. While the U.S. Agency for International Development and its partners should be commended for their efforts in Georgia, they do not have enough money to develop a long-term strategy to address the endemic problems plaguing this fledgling</p>
<p>democracy.</p>
<p>As the administration prepares to distribute the remaining funds that Congress just appropriated for Georgia, I urge officials to consider increasing the percentage devoted to long-term democracy and governance programs. This would demonstrate that democratic development is a key goal and not simply rhetoric. Surely investing in Georgia&#8217;s political future is more important than building another road.</p>
<p>Georgia stands at a critical juncture. One need look no further than the country&#8217;s declining rankings in Freedom House&#8217;s <a href="http://www.freedomhouse.hu/images/nit2009/georgia-final.pdf">annual</a> assessment of post-Communist transitions in Europe and Eurasia to see that the trends are heading the wrong way. The most recent report by this nonpartisan organization gave Georgia its lowest democracy score since 2005. In the aftermath of the conflict with Russia and subsequent economic hardship, the government of Georgia must resist the temptation to seek stability at the expense of democracy.</p>
<p>The United States has a significant stake in Georgia&#8217;s future. We should use our influence with Georgia&#8217;s political leaders to ensure that it continues to move in the right direction. In terms of building Georgia&#8217;s political institutions, we need to put our money where our mouth is. Let&#8217;s make the legacy of last year&#8217;s war a renewed commitment by Georgia, in partnership with the United States, to fulfill the promise of the Rose Revolution.</p>
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		<title>Stormy outlook over the Black Sea</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26232/stormy-outlook-over-the-black-sea/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 20:01:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26232</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong>, an assistant editor of the Guardian and a foreign affairs columnist (THE GUARDIAN, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>A year after their brief but vicious summer war over the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, tensions remain painfully high between Russia and Georgia. Moscow this week accused <a title="al-Jazeera: Georgia not 'aggressively rearming'" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/08/2009851724430788.html">President Mikhail Saakashvili</a>&#8216;s government of &#8220;aggressively rearming&#8221; in preparation for a new conflict to regain the territories. Georgia dismissed the claim as a &#8220;myth&#8221;, part of what it calls ongoing Russian intimidation.</p>
<p>After the collapse earlier this year of European mediation, the impasse appears to be deepening. Eduard Kokoity, South Ossetia&#8217;s &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26232/stormy-outlook-over-the-black-sea/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong>, an assistant editor of the Guardian and a foreign affairs columnist (THE GUARDIAN, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>A year after their brief but vicious summer war over the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, tensions remain painfully high between Russia and Georgia. Moscow this week accused <a title="al-Jazeera: Georgia not 'aggressively rearming'" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/08/2009851724430788.html">President Mikhail Saakashvili</a>&#8216;s government of &#8220;aggressively rearming&#8221; in preparation for a new conflict to regain the territories. Georgia dismissed the claim as a &#8220;myth&#8221;, part of what it calls ongoing Russian intimidation.</p>
<p>After the collapse earlier this year of European mediation, the impasse appears to be deepening. Eduard Kokoity, South Ossetia&#8217;s leader, said the enclave&#8217;s declaration of independence, recognised only by Nicaragua and Moscow, was irreversible – then added that it might one day merge with Russia. Abkhazia&#8217;s growing economic and security dependence on its giant northern neighbour – Russia is planning military bases there – likewise points to an eventual de facto annexation.</p>
<p>The Georgian military stand-off, fuelled by deep political distrust, historic enmities, and economic rivalry, principally over energy supply routes, reflects a widening crisis affecting the entire Black Sea region, European and Russian analysts say. Six years after the &#8220;velvet revolutions&#8221; in Georgia and Ukraine sparked hopes of a new era of freedom and prosperity along the EU&#8217;s wild eastern frontier, Europe and Russia remain locked in a fight for influence and control. Neither has yet gained the upper hand. But the clear losers are the borderland countries of the old Soviet Union.</p>
<p>In Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus, as in Georgia, continuing political turmoil, disputed elections, unresolved territorial conflicts, human rights abuses, and economic problems stemming from corruption, migration and the global downturn have been exacerbated by this geo-political tug-of-war. And the struggle looks set to intensify as both Europe and Russia worry about losing out.</p>
<p>&#8220;A complacent strategy focusing on slow change rather than pressing crises is losing the EU its battle with Russia for influence in the eastern neighbourhood,&#8221; said a <a title="EU losing battle for hearts and minds" href="http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/ecfr_eastern_neighbourhood_wilson_popescu_press_release/">scathing new report</a> by the European Council on Foreign Relations thinktank. &#8220;Dire consequences&#8221; for the region and for the EU itself would ensue, it warned, &#8220;unless EU leaders stop placing a lazy bet on a strategy on &#8216;enlargement-lite&#8217; – ignoring [the fact that] these countries are in the worst political and economic crisis since their independence&#8221;.</p>
<p>The report said new polling showed distrust between the region and the EU was on the rise and urged Brussels to prioritise its Eastern Partnership programme, begun earlier this year, relax visa regimes, and do more to build ties short of EU membership.</p>
<blockquote><p>The EU has reached the limits of its transformative power in eastern Europe. Without the accession carrot, [these] countries will not naturally gravitate towards the EU … If the EU does not help eastern European states to deal with the crises ravaging the region, Russia will.</p></blockquote>
<p>Katinka Barysch of the Centre for European Reform said Europe should energetically engage in the region – and not assume US interests were always identical or that Washington would do its work for it. &#8220;While Russia&#8217;s relations with the US have been thawing … EU-Russia relations remain frosty,&#8221; <a title="Time: Europe and Russia's Continental Rift" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908309,00.html">she said</a>, citing differences over energy co-operation, trade, and Moscow&#8217;s plans for new European security &#8220;architecture&#8221;.</p>
<p>Russia was weaker than at any time in the past decade, Barysch said, and the EU should not be afraid to take advantage. &#8220;Russia&#8217;s economy is in dire straits. In the first three months of this year, output fell by 10% … Some hope that the recession might just make the Russian leadership a little more humble or at least trigger reforms.&#8221;</p>
<p>So far, she said, that had not happened and Europe could not afford to wait. &#8220;The EU cannot simply pull back and allow Russia to dominate eastern Europe. It must stick firmly to its objective of helping its neighbours to decide their own destiny.&#8221;</p>
<p>Yet according to Moscow Times columnist Vladimir Ryzhkov, a former MP, such fears of a newly domineering Russia are overblown. The Kremlin had made mistake after mistake, he said, in unnecessarily antagonising Ukraine over gas prices, driving Belarus and Azerbaijan into Europe&#8217;s arms, and isolating itself over the Georgian war.</p>
<p>&#8220;Prime minister Vladimir Putin&#8217;s attempts to restore Russia&#8217;s influence over the former Soviet republics has failed miserably,&#8221; <a title="Moscow Times: Kremlin burning bridges with every neighbour" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1016/42/380114.htm">Ryzhkov said</a>, echoing US vice-president Joe Biden&#8217;s recent criticisms. &#8220;Moscow&#8217;s standing in the region is weaker now than it was even eight years ago when Putin took over the presidency … This is a direct result of Putin&#8217;s inability to modernise the economy, the systematic destruction of the country&#8217;s democracy [and] the sharp rise in corruption.&#8221;</p>
<p>Moscow&#8217;s clumsy policies, not least in Georgia, had given the EU an open goal to shoot at, he suggested. Russia was &#8220;running backwards into the future and calling it progress&#8221;.</p>
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		<title>Un an après : une Géorgie debout et libre</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26221/un-an-apres-une-georgie-debout-et-libre/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26221/un-an-apres-une-georgie-debout-et-libre/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 18:21:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26221</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Mikheïl Saakachvili</strong>,  président de la République de Géorgie (LE MONDE, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>Dans la nuit du 7 août 2008, la 58<sup>e</sup> armée russe a franchi les frontières internationalement reconnues de la Géorgie. Ainsi commençait une invasion préparée de longue date, visant à renverser mon gouvernement et à renforcer le contrôle de Moscou sur une région qui lui échappait de plus en plus.</p>
<p>Un an après, force est de constater que cette invasion n&#8217;a pas eu les résultats que le Kremlin escomptait. Le bilan de ces quelques jours de guerre fut lourd : 410 Géorgiens tués, pour la plupart &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26221/un-an-apres-une-georgie-debout-et-libre/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par <strong>Mikheïl Saakachvili</strong>,  président de la République de Géorgie (LE MONDE, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>Dans la nuit du 7 août 2008, la 58<sup>e</sup> armée russe a franchi les frontières internationalement reconnues de la Géorgie. Ainsi commençait une invasion préparée de longue date, visant à renverser mon gouvernement et à renforcer le contrôle de Moscou sur une région qui lui échappait de plus en plus.</p>
<p>Un an après, force est de constater que cette invasion n&#8217;a pas eu les résultats que le Kremlin escomptait. Le bilan de ces quelques jours de guerre fut lourd : 410 Géorgiens tués, pour la plupart des civils, plus de 1 700 blessés et quelque 170 000 personnes obligées de quitter leur foyer, parmi lesquelles des dizaines de milliers pour fuir le nettoyage ethnique frappant les villages d&#8217;Ossétie du Sud et d&#8217;Abkhazie. Le coût économique de l&#8217;invasion s&#8217;est élevé à plusieurs milliards d&#8217;euros.</p>
<p>En violation de l&#8217;accord de paix signé par le président Medvedev, les militaires russes ne se sont pas retirés sur les lignes qu&#8217;ils occupaient avant le conflit, et plus de 10 000 d&#8217;entre eux stationnent toujours dans ces deux territoires géorgiens occupés. Aujourd&#8217;hui, leur présence renforcée est d&#8217;autant plus menaçante que la Russie vient d&#8217;empêcher le renouvellement des missions d&#8217;observation des Nations unies et de l&#8217;OSCE <em>(l&#8217;Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe)</em>, chargées de protéger les droits de l&#8217;homme et de surveiller les mouvements de troupes.</p>
<p>Pourtant, la Géorgie est en train de se relever. Notre démocratie se renforce, les investisseurs étrangers reviennent, et le monde reconnaît désormais que les agissements russes d&#8217;août 2008 représentent une menace non seulement pour la Géorgie, mais aussi pour tous les pays épris de liberté et d&#8217;indépendance dans la région.</p>
<p>Les aspirations de la Géorgie sont à la fois simples et audacieuses. Depuis notre &#8220;révolution des roses&#8221; en 2003, nous avons travaillé d&#8217;arrache-pied à transformer un Etat déliquescent, profondément corrompu et vassalisé, en quelque chose de profondément nouveau dans notre région : un Etat moderne, responsable, allié avec l&#8217;Ouest, conforme aux standards européens et résolument engagé sur la voie de la démocratie et de l&#8217;économie de marché.</p>
<p>Vingt ans après la chute du mur de Berlin, ces aspirations devraient aller d&#8217;elles-mêmes. Même la Russie devrait se féliciter d&#8217;avoir un voisin stable, dynamique et prospère. Au lieu de cela, Moscou se sent outragé par notre dessein collectif. Comme si l&#8217;avènement dans le Caucase d&#8217;une nouvelle génération de leaders tournés vers l&#8217;Europe représentait une menace existentielle pour l&#8217;Etat Russe. Pareille perception héritée de la guerre froide explique en grande partie les événements d&#8217;août 2008. Ce fut difficile, mais nous avons survécu à la guerre. Lorsque celle-ci a pris fin, nous nous sommes trouvés face à un choix fondamental.</p>
<p>La plupart des pays confrontés à de si graves dangers ont tendance à se replier sur eux-mêmes. Nous avons au contraire choisi de nous engager plus en avant dans la voie des libertés et des valeurs que nous partageons avec l&#8217;Ouest. Ces valeurs, nous le savons, seront in fine notre meilleure protection, la garantie que nous ne reviendrons jamais aux temps sombres de l&#8217;oppression soviétique. Lors des manifestations d&#8217;avril par exemple, alors même que les chars russes trônaient &#8211; ce qu&#8217;ils font toujours &#8211; à 32 kilomètres de notre capitale, nous avons opté pour une politique d&#8217;ouverture et de retenue. La police n&#8217;est pas sortie dans les rues, et a permis aux manifestants de bloquer illégalement pendant trois mois la principale avenue de Tbilissi.</p>
<p>Refusant de tirer prétexte de l&#8217;occupation russe pour limiter l&#8217;expression des contradictions et des antagonismes qui traversent la société géorgienne, j&#8217;ai personnellement veillé à ce que les forces de l&#8217;ordre protègent les campements de l&#8217;opposition. Puis, nous avons invité les chefs de la contestation à ouvrir un dialogue pour réformer en profondeur notre Constitution, le système électoral, les médias et la justice.</p>
<p>Au mois de juillet, ce dialogue est passé à une vitesse supérieure lorsque j&#8217;ai pris l&#8217;engagement d&#8217;une série de réformes selon un agenda précis : l&#8217;élection au suffrage universel direct des maires en mai 2010 ; un nouveau code électoral et l&#8217;élection par consensus du président de notre Commission électorale centrale ; moins de pouvoir pour le président, plus pour le Parlement ; des sanctions plus strictes contre les représentants de l&#8217;Etat qui tenteraient d&#8217;influencer les juges ; un Conseil de l&#8217;audiovisuel composé à parité de membres de l&#8217;opposition et de la majorité.</p>
<p>Nous avons redoublé d&#8217;efforts pour ouvrir notre pays. La communauté internationale l&#8217;a bien noté, et nous lui en sommes reconnaissants. Plus de quatre milliards d&#8217;euros ont été promis pour nous aider à réparer les dégâts causés par la guerre et à prendre en charge les personnes déplacées. Les investissements étrangers arrivent de nouveau. La communauté internationale a condamné les multiples violations par la Russie de l&#8217;accord de cessez-le-feu. En juillet, à Moscou, le président Obama a fermement défendu notre intégrité territoriale et nos aspirations à rejoindre l&#8217;OTAN.</p>
<p>Aujourd&#8217;hui la Géorgie fait face à une situation nouvelle, qui a pourtant des airs de déjà-vu. De même que le mur de Berlin séparait autrefois le monde libre de l&#8217;espace communiste, une frontière de barbelés nous sépare aujourd&#8217;hui de nos deux territoires occupés. Dans ces territoires, les observateurs internationaux ont été expulsés, les médias muselés, et les citoyens géorgiens empêchés de retourner dans leur foyer. Pendant ce temps, la Russie continue d&#8217;y construire de nouvelles bases militaires.</p>
<p>Ce n&#8217;est pas une menace qui nous concerne uniquement. C&#8217;est un danger pour toutes les nations libres qui souscrivent au principe selon lequel les frontières internationales ne peuvent être modifiées par la force. Si nous ne nous opposons pas à ces pratiques, qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agisse d&#8217;agressions transfrontalières, de &#8220;conflits gelés&#8221; pour déstabiliser des Etats souverains, ou de coupures énergétiques à des fins politiques, aucun d&#8217;entre nous ne sera en sécurité. C&#8217;est pourquoi, avec nos amis occidentaux, nous avons choisi d&#8217;appliquer les méthodes qui ont permis de mettre fin pacifiquement à la guerre froide.</p>
<p>Nous avons appelé tous les Etats à respecter l&#8217;intégrité territoriale de la Géorgie et à ne pas reconnaître les territoires occupés. Nous sommes heureux de constater que cette approche a été adoptée par la quasi-totalité de la communauté internationale. Nous sommes déterminés, mais patients. Nous ne chercherons pas à reprendre ces territoires par la force &#8211; mais nous n&#8217;oublions pas non plus les droits des Géorgiens déplacés. Par-dessus tout, nous continuerons à bâtir une démocratie et une économie ouvertes. Comme nous l&#8217;a déclaré en juillet le vice-président Joe Biden lors de sa visite à Tbilissi : <em>&#8220;Toutes les nations progressistes du monde sont concernées par votre succès, particulièrement les nations de cette région.&#8221;</em></p>
<p>Il y a vingt ans, le magnétisme qu&#8217;exerçait l&#8217;Ouest libre et prospère a fait tomber le mur de Berlin. Nous sommes convaincus que l&#8217;exemple d&#8217;une Géorgie libre et prospère finira par restaurer notre souveraineté et redresser les torts causés par l&#8217;invasion russe d&#8217;août 2008. Avec l&#8217;aide de nos amis aux Etats-Unis et dans l&#8217;Union européenne &#8211; envers laquelle nous serons éternellement reconnaissants pour son rôle en 2008 et depuis -, la Géorgie continuera à se relever et poursuivra son chemin vers la grande famille des démocraties européennes.</p>
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		<title>Georgia, On the Rebound</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26219/georgia-on-the-rebound/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26219/georgia-on-the-rebound/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 11:31:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26219</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Mikheil Saakashvili</strong>, president of Georgia (THE WASHINGTON POST, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>On the night of Aug. 7, 2008, Russia&#8217;s 58th Army crossed over Georgia&#8217;s internationally recognized borders. Thus began what the evidence shows was a long-planned invasion aimed at toppling my government and increasing Moscow&#8217;s control over our region. A year later, the results are not what the Kremlin expected.</p>
<p>Tragically, 410 of our citizens, mostly civilians, were killed, and more than 1,700 were injured. Almost 130,000 people were forced to flee their homes, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, including tens of thousands ethnically cleansed from &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26219/georgia-on-the-rebound/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Mikheil Saakashvili</strong>, president of Georgia (THE WASHINGTON POST, 06/08/09):</p>
<p>On the night of Aug. 7, 2008, Russia&#8217;s 58th Army crossed over Georgia&#8217;s internationally recognized borders. Thus began what the evidence shows was a long-planned invasion aimed at toppling my government and increasing Moscow&#8217;s control over our region. A year later, the results are not what the Kremlin expected.</p>
<p>Tragically, 410 of our citizens, mostly civilians, were killed, and more than 1,700 were injured. Almost 130,000 people were forced to flee their homes, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, including tens of thousands ethnically cleansed from villages in the Georgian territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Costs ran into the billions. And in violation of the cease-fire that Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed Aug. 12, about 10,000 Russian troops remain in the two Georgian territories.</p>
<p>Russian provocations have not stopped; snipers in Russian-controlled areas have killed 28 Georgian policemen. In recent days, Moscow has engaged in a series of provocative acts and statements, echoing its prelude to last year&#8217;s invasion. Even as the world watches, Moscow has vetoed monitoring missions from the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. In violation of the cease-fire, Russia also denies European Union monitors access to the occupied territories.</p>
<p>Despite all this, and contrary to some expectations, Georgia has rebounded. Our democratic institutions are growing. Foreign investors are returning. The world should recognize that the kind of behavior Russia exhibited last August threatens not only Georgia but our entire region.</p>
<p>Since the 2003 Rose Revolution, we have worked hard to replace a deeply corrupt, failing state with a modern, responsible state that is allied with the West; run by European standards; and committed to liberal democracy, free-market principles and peaceful relations with our neighbors. Twenty years after the fall of communism, that goal should be unremarkable. Indeed, Russia should have welcomed a prosperous, stable neighbor. Instead, Moscow feels threatened by our aspirations.</p>
<p>After the war, we faced a choice. Most countries confronting dire threats turn inward. We chose to reinforce our commitment to values we share with the West, such as personal and economic freedom. Such values provide our best protection and inspired our people to rebuild, even as we now sit within the range of Russian artillery.</p>
<p>I committed to even deeper democratic reforms. When domestic political protests emerged in April, my government pursued a policy of openness and restraint. We allowed protesters to illegally block the main avenue in Tbilisi for three months and then invited opposition leaders to begin a dialogue over reforms in our constitution, the handling of elections, the media and the judiciary.</p>
<p>Last month, I committed to specific reforms with firm deadlines, including the direct election of mayors next May; a new electoral code and a consensus chair for our Central Election Commission; less power for the president and more for parliament; stronger sanctions against officials trying to influence judges; and a public television broadcasting board with equal representation of the governing and opposition parties.</p>
<p>All along, we have appreciated the international response to what happened. More than $4.5 billion was pledged to help us repair war damage and care for internally displaced Georgians. Foreign investment is flowing again. The international community has condemned Russia&#8217;s serial violations of the cease-fire. In Moscow last month, President Obama firmly defended our territorial integrity and NATO aspirations.</p>
<p>Georgia faces a situation that is new and old. Just as a wall used to divide Germans, a barbed-wire border divides us from our two occupied territories. Within those territories, monitors have been expelled, media are muzzled and Georgian citizens are forbidden to return to their homes &#8212; while Russia builds military bases.</p>
<p>These developments threaten all free nations that believe international borders must not be changed by force. If we do not stand up to tactics such as cross-border aggression, creating &#8220;frozen conflicts&#8221; that destabilize sovereign states or attempt to legalize ethnic cleansing, or cutting off energy supplies for political gain, none of us will enjoy lasting stability.</p>
<p>That is why we are responding in ways that mirror the steps that helped peacefully end the Cold War.</p>
<p>We have called for other countries to insist on Georgia&#8217;s territorial integrity and not to recognize the occupied territories, and we are grateful that most nations have embraced this approach. We do not seek to retake the territories by force &#8212; but we are resolute that we will never forget the rights of the displaced. And in pursuit of a greater good, we continue to build an open democracy and economy. As Vice President Biden <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/23/AR2009072301541.html">said</a> last month in Tbilisi: &#8220;Every progressive nation in the world has a stake in your success, particularly nations in this region.&#8221;</p>
<p>Twenty years ago, the attraction of a free and prosperous West brought down the Berlin Wall. We believe the example of a free and prosperous Georgia ultimately will restore our sovereignty and reverse the wrongs caused by Russia&#8217;s invasion. With the support of our friends in the United States and Europe &#8212; support for which we are deeply grateful &#8212; Georgia will continue to rebound and set an example for the region.</p>
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		<title>Saakashvili&#8217;s sideshow</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26186/saakashvilis-sideshow/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26186/saakashvilis-sideshow/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2009 18:10:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26186</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Jonathan Steele</strong>, a <em>Guardian</em> columnist (THE GUARDIAN, 03/08/09):</p>
<p>So anxious was Georgia&#8217;s President <a title="Mikheil Saakashvili " href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/mikheilsaakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili </a>for support from the fledgling Obama administration that even though he had not been invited to make a speech he raced to the annual <a title="Munich security conference" href="http://www.securityconference.de/konferenzen/2009/index.php?menu_2009=&#38;menu_konferenzen=&#38;sprache=en&#38;">Munich security conference</a> in February to try to meet the key guest, Vice-President Joe Biden. Witnesses reported Obama&#8217;s deputy initially sought to avoid a handshake or even eye contact. But the Georgian&#8217;s bullying won through, obliging Biden to arrange a chat the following day.</p>
<p>Saakashvili followed this forced encounter by telling journalists: &#8220;It is obvious that during all types &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26186/saakashvilis-sideshow/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Jonathan Steele</strong>, a <em>Guardian</em> columnist (THE GUARDIAN, 03/08/09):</p>
<p>So anxious was Georgia&#8217;s President <a title="Mikheil Saakashvili " href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/mikheilsaakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili </a>for support from the fledgling Obama administration that even though he had not been invited to make a speech he raced to the annual <a title="Munich security conference" href="http://www.securityconference.de/konferenzen/2009/index.php?menu_2009=&amp;menu_konferenzen=&amp;sprache=en&amp;">Munich security conference</a> in February to try to meet the key guest, Vice-President Joe Biden. Witnesses reported Obama&#8217;s deputy initially sought to avoid a handshake or even eye contact. But the Georgian&#8217;s bullying won through, obliging Biden to arrange a chat the following day.</p>
<p>Saakashvili followed this forced encounter by telling journalists: &#8220;It is obvious that during all types of negotiations between the United States and Russia, Georgia will be high on the agenda.&#8221; Not so. Obama&#8217;s trip to Moscow last month made it clear that last August&#8217;s war between Georgia and Russia neither revived the cold war nor had any impact on the trend towards greater US-Russian co-operation that Obama promised during his election campaign. Georgia is a sideshow.</p>
<p>The reason is clear. A year on from the five-day war, most European governments as well as the Obama administration agree Saakashvili bears most of the blame. As Nino Burjanadze, once a close Saakashvili ally, put it in a <a title="Guardian comment " href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/21/georgia-joe-biden">Guardian comment </a>article the other day, &#8220;Saakashvili, deeply unpopular at home, launched a desperate and doomed military adventure in South Ossetia, so providing the Russians with an excuse to reoccupy bases they lost only three years ago&#8221;.</p>
<p>Biden&#8217;s latest encounter with the Georgian president, in Tbilisi last month, reconfirmed the shift of tone from the Bush era. Although Biden made the usual noises about recognising Georgia&#8217;s territorial integrity and rejecting any Russian sphere of influence, no formal agreements were made. The trip was only arranged to show that Georgia had not been totally forgotten. Unless there were secret agreements as yet unreported, Biden disappointed Saakashvili by giving no clear promise to re-arm Georgia&#8217;s battered forces. He told the Georgian parliament the US would modernise the country&#8217;s military &#8220;with the focus on training, planning and organisation&#8221;. Uncoded, that could mean greater US oversight over the army and tighter control over any repetition of last August&#8217;s folly.</p>
<p>Biden&#8217;s officials also used the visit to deny Saakashvili&#8217;s hints that US monitors would soon join the European Union team that patrols the Georgian side of the border with the breakaway region of South Ossetia. The EU has confirmed no such plans exist, and that the issue will not be discussed until the autumn, if at all. That is welcome news. While Russian officials oppose any US role as &#8220;extremely harmful&#8221;, that is not the best reason for the EU to reject it. The EU must be able to operate independently of the US, and the Georgian mission is a good place to show it can, especially as it was European rather than US mediation that achieved a ceasefire last August.</p>
<p>Biden&#8217;s call for democratic reforms, and his meeting with opposition politicians in Tbilisi, also struck a different note from the Bush period. While Bush pressed for Georgia to enter Nato while turning a blind eye to Saakashvili&#8217;s attacks on civil liberties, the new US administration wants an end to repression while turning a blind eye to Georgia&#8217;s Nato aspirations.</p>
<p>The stalemate between Saakashvili and his local opponents continues, and the situation on the ground remains deadlocked. The villages where Georgians once lived inside South Ossetia have been ethnically cleansed and razed. The exodus of Georgians from Akhalgori, the last mixed area, carries on remorselessly. Diplomatically, the Russians have got their way by achieving the withdrawal of the observer mission from the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, which used to work in and around South Ossetia, as well as the UN mission that covered <a title="Abkhazia" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/graphic/0,,2273989,00.html">Abkhazia</a>, Georgia&#8217;s other breakaway region.</p>
<p>In theory this could raise the risk of border clashes, but for the moment that is out of the question. This post-Soviet conflict is back to being &#8220;frozen&#8221;. Russia has won all it wanted (short of Saakashvili&#8217;s resignation), and has no interest in provoking new clashes. Saakashvili&#8217;s forces are too weak to take action.</p>
<p>Can nothing be done to improve matters? <a title="Tom de Waal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal">Tom de Waal</a>, a respected analyst of the Caucasus, argues that the west should open links to Abkhazia without recognising its independence by taking &#8220;status-neutral&#8221; measures like supporting a direct shipping route between Abkhazia and Turkey, and getting Georgia to support it. This would not help Georgia recover Abkhazia, but it would lessen Abkhaz ties to Russia.</p>
<p>Steps of this kind would be useful, but they leave the big picture unchanged. Tens of thousands have lost their homes and hundreds their lives in a war for which Saakashvili – in spite of some slaps on the wrist from Obama and Biden – still has not had to pay a serious price.</p>
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		<title>Cáucaso: la próxima crisis rusa</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26097/caucaso-la-proxima-crisis-rusa/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26097/caucaso-la-proxima-crisis-rusa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jul 2009 20:23:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=26097</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Walter Laqueur</strong> ,   director del Centro de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicosde Washington.  Traducción: JoséMaría Puig de la Bellacasa (LA VANGUARDIA, 29/07/09):</p>
<p>Hace tan sólo un año, el Kremlin parecía estar en el séptimo cielo. Los ingresos del petróleo y el gas entraban a raudales, la guerra en Chechenia se había acabado y daba la sensación de que la crisis financiera occidental apenas afectaría a Rusia, en vías de retorno hacia su condición de potencia mundial. ¿Y ahora? El mes pasado, el presidente ruso, Dimitri Medvedev, desapareció súbitamente de Moscú y se desplazó a Daguestán, (&#8220;tierra de montañas&#8221;) al norte &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/26097/caucaso-la-proxima-crisis-rusa/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Walter Laqueur</strong> ,   director del Centro de Estudios Internacionales y Estratégicosde Washington.  Traducción: JoséMaría Puig de la Bellacasa (LA VANGUARDIA, 29/07/09):</p>
<p>Hace tan sólo un año, el Kremlin parecía estar en el séptimo cielo. Los ingresos del petróleo y el gas entraban a raudales, la guerra en Chechenia se había acabado y daba la sensación de que la crisis financiera occidental apenas afectaría a Rusia, en vías de retorno hacia su condición de potencia mundial. ¿Y ahora? El mes pasado, el presidente ruso, Dimitri Medvedev, desapareció súbitamente de Moscú y se desplazó a Daguestán, (&#8220;tierra de montañas&#8221;) al norte del Cáucaso, donde, hasta donde alcanza mi conocimiento, no ha estado nunca un presidente ruso.</p>
<p>¿Por qué a Daguestán? Porque, tras aquietar la situación en Chechenia, resta el peligro de que Rusia pierda el control en otras partes del Cáucaso. Recientemente el ministro del Interior de esta república autónoma fue muerto a tiros a plena luz del día cuando salía de una boda. Ataques similares a cargo de terroristas musulmanes han sido la regla y no la excepción en otras partes de la región. La política de Putin ha consistido en chantajear a estas repúblicas con el señuelo de una autonomía limitada, política que ha funcionado hasta cierto punto en Chechenia, donde se ha implantado la charia.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, cada vez funciona menos en otras partes; el Cáucaso no es una región homogénea pero cuenta con una historia de guerra interna de cientos de clanes y nacionalidades cuyo único nexo de unión es el odio a los extranjeros (sólo en Daguestán se hablan cuarenta lenguas). Además, aspiran permanentemente a gozar de mayor autogobierno.</p>
<p>El desasosiego no se limita a Daguestán. El pasado 20 de junio se produjo un intento de asesinato del presidente de Ingusetia, otra república caucásica, en el que resultó gravemente herido. Se añade también la presión política: recientemente Murtaza Rakhimov, presidente de Bashkortostán, se lamentó amargamente de que hay ahora menos libertad en Rusia (y en su república) que en los tiempos de la Unión Soviética o del zarismo. El poder central &#8211; léase Moscú-manda en todo.</p>
<p>Aunque tales quejas y acusaciones responden fundamentalmente a la verdad, deberían tomarse con reservas. Los nacionalistas musulmanes de Bashkortostán, Tataristán y otras repúblicas musulmanas de la Rusia central no son en absoluto más democráticos que Medvedev y Putin. Y los combatientes por la libertad del Cáucaso actúan en tanta medida a instancias de los intereses derivados del tráfico de drogas cuanto de ideales religiosos y nacionalistas.</p>
<p>En algunas áreas, la política de apaciguamiento (ayudado de la presión física) ha funcionado razonablemente bien; por ejemplo, en el caso de Azerbaiyán y Turkmenistán (muy importantes por sus yacimientos de petróleo y gas) y, asimismo, de las repúblicas de Asia Central que formaron parte de la antigua Unión Soviética. Son gobernadas por clanes que cuentan con escaso apoyo en casa, afrontan graves problemas económicos como el paro (buena parte de su mano de obra trabaja en Rusia) y sufren los ataques de fuerzas talibanes procedentes de Afganistán.</p>
<p>El mes pasado y bajo influjo ruso, Kirguistán clausuró la principal base aérea de la OTAN y Estados Unidos en su territorio, un enlace vital para las operaciones en Afganistán.</p>
<p>La ayuda de Rusia en un marco conflictivo como el actual es necesaria. Pero su capacidad al respecto es indudablemente limitada; en un periodo de paro creciente, Rusia devuelve a los trabajadores inmigrantes a sus países de origen. E incluso el triunfo sobre Estados Unidos en Kirguistán puede resultarle contraproducente, pues una eventual retirada estadounidense de Afganistán podría volver a representar (como así ocurrió durante años) un problema para Rusia, al verse en la tesitura de tener que defender a las repúblicas de Asia central contra los ataques de los talibanes.</p>
<p>Las autoridades rusas no pueden seguir haciendo caso omiso del problema del Cáucaso y Asia Ccentral aunque no represente todavía un peligro de dimensiones letales.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, el reloj demográfico sigue funcionando. Al paso que el elemento étnico ruso mengua rápidamente en toda Rusia, aumenta el número de musulmanes. Las proyecciones actuales indican que dentro de diez o quince años uno de cada tres soldados reclutados por las fuerzas armadas rusas será de confesión musulmana.</p>
<p>¿Qué actitud cabe adoptar ante tales tendencias? Las fuerzas conservadoras rusas se hallan divididas a la hora de analizarlas. Algunos abogan por Eurasia; en este caso, por una alianza entre rusos y musulmanes contra Estados Unidos y Occidente. Sin embargo, a los musulmanes les entusiasma escasamente la idea. La gente corriente en Rusia &#8211; en buena parte proclive a la xenofobia-preferiría ver a los extranjeros fuera del país, pues teme que le inunden. Y la Iglesia rusa (por citar una sola fuerza de oposición) es también contraria a tal perspectiva, debido a su temor a perder su predominio en el país.</p>
<p>En este momento viven en Moscú unos dos millones de musulmanes y todos ellos disponen de cinco o seis mezquitas autorizadas (la mayor mezquita europea se halla en Grozny, la capital de Chechenia). En San Petersburgo vive más de un millón de musulmanes que disponen de una o dos mezquitas oficiales. Para los musulmanes es un escándalo, pero la Iglesia Ortodoxa rusa no quiere un cambio en esta cuestión.</p>
<p>Parte de los crecientes problemas del Kremlin en este terreno encontrarían solución repartiendo oportunamente el dinero, pero las arcas están ahora más vacías que en aquellos días maravillosos del 2007 en que el precio del barril de petróleo alcanzó los 140 dólares y la demanda de gas era igualmente elevada.</p>
<p>¿Cabe preguntarse si Rusia debería apaciguar a Turquía, a Irán y al mundo árabe, quienes podrían contribuir a calmar a los musulmanes residentes en Rusia? Es posible que a un sector del actual Gobierno del Kremlin le parezca positivo que Irán impulse un potencial nuclear. ¿Es que juzga, tal vez, que a cambio los iraníes se abstendrían de hacer trastadas en el Cáucaso? Aunque ¿sería esto beneficioso a largo plazo para los intereses de Rusia? Además, los rusos han aprendido &#8211; gracias a su dilatada experiencia al respecto-que sólo los tontos pueden esperar gratitud por los servicios prestados en Oriente Medio.</p>
<p>En resumen, aunque Georgia ha ocupado un lugar destacado como principal y mayor problema de Rusia en las páginas de los medios de comunicación occidentales, esta óptica no es correcta en absoluto. Rusia afronta su propio desafío musulmán, cuya solución será muy difícil.</p>
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		<title>¿Otro verano caliente en el Cáucaso?</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/25763/otro-verano-caliente-en-el-caucaso/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/25763/otro-verano-caliente-en-el-caucaso/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jul 2009 21:58:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Política Exterior]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rusia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=25763</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>André Glucksmann</strong>, filósofo francés. Traducción de José Luis Sánchez-Silva (EL PAÍS, 10/07/09):</p>
<p>Una pregunta descabellada asalta al viajero nada más salir del espacio comunitario: ¿existe la Unión Europea? Para Washington, es una especie de ovni cuyo número de teléfono busca en vano su Departamento de Estado desde la época de Kissinger. Para Moscú, no es sino una tribuna televisiva; los regímenes se suceden desde Gromiko, pero perdura la convicción de que sólo cuentan las potencias clásicas: Reino Unido, Francia y, por encima de todas, Alemania, durante mucho tiempo un enano político, pero siempre un gigante económico. En cuanto &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/25763/otro-verano-caliente-en-el-caucaso/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>André Glucksmann</strong>, filósofo francés. Traducción de José Luis Sánchez-Silva (EL PAÍS, 10/07/09):</p>
<p>Una pregunta descabellada asalta al viajero nada más salir del espacio comunitario: ¿existe la Unión Europea? Para Washington, es una especie de ovni cuyo número de teléfono busca en vano su Departamento de Estado desde la época de Kissinger. Para Moscú, no es sino una tribuna televisiva; los regímenes se suceden desde Gromiko, pero perdura la convicción de que sólo cuentan las potencias clásicas: Reino Unido, Francia y, por encima de todas, Alemania, durante mucho tiempo un enano político, pero siempre un gigante económico. En cuanto a los historiadores, se muestran dubitativos: las relaciones entre De Gaulle y Adenauer tuvieron sus altibajos, lo mismo que la pareja Kohl-Mitterrand, y las rencillas Londres-París-Bonn (luego Berlín) no dejaron de ocupar titulares durante décadas. La división europea ante la crisis económica queda patente en una competencia donde debería haber convergencia.</p>
<p>La Comunidad Europea de los seis, lo mismo que la de los 15, sólo superó sus discrepancias atávicas e ideológicas asumiendo retos limitados, pero concretos y cruciales. Principalmente dos. El primero fue la resistencia a la expansión estalinista. El segundo, la voluntad de acabar con un belicismo económico causante de dos conflictos mundiales (de ahí el <em>pool</em> carbón-acero, testigo de una cooperación franco alemana inédita). ¿Aquella aventura es cosa del pasado? Los &#8220;valores comunes&#8221; han quedado seriamente en entredicho desde el momento en que un ex canciller socialdemócrata (Schröder) ocupó la dirección de Gazprom, tan sólo un mes después de haber sido desalojado de su cancillería. Imaginen el entusiasmo de la mitad de Europa que se helaba en enero de 2009 porque el Kremlin decidió recurrir al chantaje energético. ¿Acaso protestó el señor Schröder cuando su nuevo jefe amenazó con cortar el gas a sus conciudadanos (vía Ucrania)? No que yo sepa. Y sigue amasando millones. ¿Corrupción o convicción? Seguramente ambas cosas le empujaron a vilipendiar a la Georgia independiente cuando el Kremlin la desmembró mediante la anexión (apenas disimulada) de dos de sus provincias y saltándose los acuerdos de alto el fuego firmados con Nicolas Sarkozy, el emprendedor presidente de Europa. Cabría objetar que la mediocre codicia del ex canciller no puede estigmatizar al conjunto de la UE. Pero es que Schröder sigue siendo una autoridad moral de izquierda para la opinión pública alemana, que respeta al amigo Putin y tiene al presidente georgiano, Mijaíl Saakashvili, por un desequilibrado peligroso.</p>
<p>Al término de una breve estancia en Georgia -imaginen la Toscana, un mar que sólo tiene de negro el nombre, las nieves eternas y, por si fuera poco, una de las capitales más bellas del mundo, favorita de los poetas rusos perseguidos (que se lo pregunten a Lérmontov)-, me repito que si el hecho de no ceder ante el dúo Putin-Medvédev es un síntoma de alienación mental, los cuatro millones de georgianos están tan locos como su presidente. En todo caso, están demasiado orgullosos de su nueva libertad y demasiado enamorados de su cultura para plegarse ante un imperio de 140 millones de almas. Los georgianos conservan recuerdos dolorosos: las purgas masivas organizadas por Stalin, Beria y Ordjonikidze (caucásicos ignominiosos) liquidaron a más de uno de cada 10 ciudadanos. Y siguen teniendo buenas razones para inquietarse. Durante 70 años de dominación soviética, los huertos, el comercio y el mercado negro caucásicos alimentaron a un Moscú y un Leningrado hambrientos; he aquí por qué los enérgicos consejos de Rusia en materia de economía y democracia sólo suscitan ironía.</p>
<p>Pese a ser el objetivo de una oposición vehemente y heterogénea -y probablemente más vehemente cuanto más heterogénea-, cuyo único programa es la partida incondicional del presidente, Saakashvili aguanta. Al fin y al cabo fue elegido democráticamente en unas elecciones supervisadas por la OSCE (Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa) y se está esforzando en construir -y esto es una gran novedad en el espacio ex soviético y, en particular, en el caucásico- una república que no sea corrupta (esfuerzo del que dan fe los observadores internacionales). ¿Por qué iba a ceder ante una minoría? ¿Por qué no iba a llegar hasta el final de su mandato, como ocurre entre nosotros? El presidente georgiano deja que sus opositores se manifiesten, intenta negociar y gana por desgaste. Durante los últimos meses, su popularidad ha subido del 53 al 65%, según los institutos de sondeo independientes e internacionales. Claro está que la oposición tiene su parte de razón y que es una necesidad reconocida en democracia, pero su intolerancia juega en su contra, máxime cuando los medios de comunicación rusos la amplifican al presentar a Saakashvili como el Hitler del Cáucaso (Medvédev). Cuando más grande sea la mentira, más impresionará a las cancillerías&#8230; No estaría mal que en el reino de Putin existiese una oposición que dispusiera de periódicos, de dos cadenas de televisión y del inusitado privilegio de bloquear a su antojo las grandes arterias, así como la entrada a los edificios oficiales, plantando jaulas de hierro cubiertas con plásticos blancos, la mayoría completamente vacías (las he visto con mis propios ojos), y todo eso durante dos meses y sin que la policía restablezca la circulación para no ofender a los manifestantes. ¿Cuántos minutos tardaría en ser detenido el valiente que desplegase su tienda ante el Elíseo? Eso por no hablar de la Plaza Roja, donde a nadie se le ocurriría soñar con intentarlo.</p>
<p>La Georgia independiente debe sobrevivir al verano de 2009. El Ejército ruso se instaló el año pasado a 30 kilómetros de Tbilisi; es decir, a una hora de tanque por la autopista. Los nubarrones se acumulan: grandes maniobras militares, imprecaciones mediáticas, veto ruso en el Consejo de Seguridad para interrumpir las misiones de los observadores neutrales. La ONU y la OSCE han liado el petate. Quedan 200 observadores de la UE, desautorizados en el lado &#8220;ruso&#8221;, que no pueden sino constatar las agresiones de los francotiradores rusos contra los policías georgianos.</p>
<p>Un analista militar moscovita, Felgenhauer, teme que, aprovechando la ausencia de testigos internacionales, el estado mayor ruso organice algún embrollo-provocación que sirva como pretexto para atacar y satisfacer su deseo más caro: &#8220;colgar a Saakashvili por las pelotas&#8221; (V. Putin). Al fin y al cabo, en 1940, Alemania se lanzó contra Polonia exhibiendo a dos desventurados guardias fronterizos polacos sospechosos de &#8220;invadir&#8221; el III Reich. Illarionov, consejero de Putin hasta 2006, comparte esos temores. Difícil de prever, Serguei Kovaliov, el compañero de Sajárov, me ha disuadido de seguir haciendo cábalas: &#8220;No te canses, los amos de Rusia no son estrategas, ajustan sus cuentas día a día, piensan en sus propios intereses y planifican su dinámica de gánsteres a un mes vista, o a un año&#8221;. Pero los actuales jefes del Kremlin nunca perdonarán al joven líder georgiano su crimen de occidentalismo. El deseo de libertad puede resultar tan contagioso&#8230;</p>
<p>¿Conseguirán la Unión Europea y Obama contener las ambiciones atávicas y los caprichos de Moscú? ¿O comprarán una tranquilidad falaz y precaria sacrificando la independencia de Georgia? Lo que está en juego no son esos tesoros espirituales actualmente despreciados -derechos humanos y libertad-, sino la independencia de Europa. Su independencia energética es decisiva, pues el gas es ahora para Putin un &#8220;arma&#8221; tan poderosa como un arsenal disuasivo. Les aconsejo que disfruten en YouTube de una canción popular entonada por un coro militar moscovita cuyo estribillo resume el &#8220;radiante futuro&#8221; que nos prepara Gazprom: &#8220;¿Europa tiene problemas con nosotros? Le cortaremos el gas. Una amplia sonrisa nacerá en nuestros semblantes y la felicidad no nos abandonará nunca&#8230;&#8221;. Y lo mismo respecto a Ucrania y sus deseos de integrarse en la OTAN, y respecto a las fuerzas norteamericanas y al mundo entero. Y el público está encantado.</p>
<p>Si cae Tbilisi, no habrá forma de esquivar a Gazprom ni de garantizarnos un acceso autónomo a las riquezas gasistas y petrolíferas de Azerbaiyán, Turkmenistán y Kazajstán. En cuanto a la credibilidad mundial de Barack Obama, quedará por los suelos. Más vale estar prevenidos, una parte de nuestro futuro se decide en la dulce abulia de nuestras vacaciones estivales.</p>
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		<title>A Friend To Georgia And Russia</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24982/a-friend-to-georgia-and-russia/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24982/a-friend-to-georgia-and-russia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 20:26:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=24982</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>John F. Kerry</strong>, a Democrat from Massachusetts, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and <strong>David Dreier</strong>, a Republican from California, the ranking minority member of the House Rules Committee and co-chairman of the House Democracy Assistance Commission (THE WASHINGTON POST, 07/05/09):</p>
<p>As the Obama administration seeks a fresh start in our strained relationship with Russia, the case for cooperation with Moscow on everything from nuclear terrorism to global finance is clear and compelling. So, too, is the case for protecting the freedom and sovereignty of the fledgling democracies on Russia&#8217;s borders. We must do both.</p>
<p>Part &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24982/a-friend-to-georgia-and-russia/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>John F. Kerry</strong>, a Democrat from Massachusetts, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and <strong>David Dreier</strong>, a Republican from California, the ranking minority member of the House Rules Committee and co-chairman of the House Democracy Assistance Commission (THE WASHINGTON POST, 07/05/09):</p>
<p>As the Obama administration seeks a fresh start in our strained relationship with Russia, the case for cooperation with Moscow on everything from nuclear terrorism to global finance is clear and compelling. So, too, is the case for protecting the freedom and sovereignty of the fledgling democracies on Russia&#8217;s borders. We must do both.</p>
<p>Part of the way we can continue to support allies such as Georgia even as we do more to pursue vital national interests alongside Russia is by focusing on areas that can deliver real benefits to one side without hurting ties to the other. That&#8217;s why we believe we should sign a free-trade agreement with Georgia and why we plan to introduce a resolution to this end today.</p>
<p>While some mistakenly view constructive relations with these two countries as mutually exclusive, we see no inherent contradiction in offering Russia a fresh start while maintaining our commitment to ensuring that its neighbors have the right to choose their own destinies. Yes, sometimes Russia and its neighbors see the world in zero-sum terms &#8212; and sometimes their interests collide violently, as when Russian tanks rolled into Georgia last August. But we need not define our relationships with these countries the same way.</p>
<p>Georgia, as the scene of recent tensions, is an important place to find better approaches. It is suffering from the economic impact of two catastrophes: Soon after Russian missiles stopped falling last summer, Georgia was hit by the global economic crisis. It is vital that we help Georgia weather the economic crisis &#8212; and doing so should not be threatening to Russia. In the past year we have largely fulfilled our pledge of $1 billion in postwar reconstruction aid to Georgia, but in the long term, increased trade and foreign direct investment would have far greater and more sustainable benefits. In the year before the war, trade between the United States and Georgia amounted to $580 million &#8212; a total with significant room to grow.</p>
<p>A trade agreement with a small country half a world away would not have negative consequences for workers here at home, but it could mean a great deal to Georgians far beyond the trade it directly sparks. First, even the act of launching negotiations may increase investor confidence in Georgia and attract badly needed foreign direct investment. Our pact with Jordan shows how an American trade agreement can attract international businesses, even in volatile regions and even before the deal takes force. An agreement between the United States and Georgia could also create momentum for a similar deal between Georgia and the European Union. Building economic ties between Georgia and the West, particularly the neighboring European Union, is the least strategically costly way to significantly bolster the Georgian people&#8217;s democratic and economic aspirations.</p>
<p>Second, bilateral trade negotiations would provide impetus for greater economic and political reform in Georgia. The Georgian people have committed themselves wholeheartedly to democracy, but the path to stable, effective and fully representative democracy is not an easy one. Greater economic engagement would provide a tremendous opportunity to hold Tbilisi accountable in its efforts to enshrine the rule of law and build the institutions that are the foundation to both democratic governance and economic prosperity.</p>
<p>Geography cannot be denied; Georgia and Russia should eventually restore strong trade relations. Today&#8217;s standoff hurts both nations. Even two years before the conflict last summer, Russia severed transportation links and blockaded Georgian exports of mineral water, fruits, vegetables and wine. It would be a positive step if Russia removed these restrictions. It is notable that despite the rising tensions before last summer&#8217;s war, the Georgian government had accepted Russian investment in Georgia, even in its infrastructure, an area in which other countries are often reluctant to allow even their friendliest neighbors to invest. Russian and Western investment should ultimately co-exist in the healthy atmosphere of a democratic Georgia whose sovereignty is respected.</p>
<p>Of course there will be times when we must stand on principle in the face of real disagreement &#8212; and we certainly will. The 2008 Russian-Georgian war was a tragedy that cannot be repeated. We have both been to Georgia and met with its leaders. Georgia&#8217;s people deserve praise for their impressive democratic and economic accomplishments, and America should support Georgia&#8217;s undeniable right to its territorial integrity and independence.</p>
<p>In addition, Russia should fully implement its cease-fire agreement and adopt a more constructive attitude toward the full deployment of international monitors to help preserve peace.</p>
<p>But the challenges of a new moment demand a commitment to creative solutions. Economic prosperity has a way of spreading throughout both sides of a trading relationship and may offer the best long-term solution to forging some form of reconciliation between Georgia and Russia. Over time, increased trade and a higher quality of life may also help to heal wounds between Georgia and its alienated separatist regions.</p>
<p>History has shown that, when done right, trade brings benefits to all sides. Diplomacy can do the same. We need to use both to build closer ties with Russia even as we continue to support our friend and ally Georgia.</p>
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		<title>Asia Central y el Cáucaso Sur en la estrategia de la UE</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24939/asia-central-y-el-caucaso-sur-en-la-estrategia-de-la-ue/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 16:02:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Política Exterior]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=24939</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Natividad Fernández Sola</strong>, profesora de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales y profesora Jean Monnet de Derecho Europeo, Universidad de Zaragoza (28/04/09):</p>
<p>El 8 de agosto de 2008, las tropas georgianas realizaban una incursión en la región septentrional de Osetia del sur al objeto, según declaraban, de controlar los elementos independentistas de la zona. Inmediatamente, las tropas rusas tomaban la contraofensiva, considerada desmesurada por la mayoría de países occidentales atacando a dichas fuerzas, entrando en la ciudad de Gori, a pocos kilómetros de Tblisi, y atacando el puerto de Poti, esencial para los intereses comerciales georgianos.</p>
<p>Tras una intervención &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24939/asia-central-y-el-caucaso-sur-en-la-estrategia-de-la-ue/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Natividad Fernández Sola</strong>, profesora de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales y profesora Jean Monnet de Derecho Europeo, Universidad de Zaragoza (28/04/09):</p>
<p>El 8 de agosto de 2008, las tropas georgianas realizaban una incursión en la región septentrional de Osetia del sur al objeto, según declaraban, de controlar los elementos independentistas de la zona. Inmediatamente, las tropas rusas tomaban la contraofensiva, considerada desmesurada por la mayoría de países occidentales atacando a dichas fuerzas, entrando en la ciudad de Gori, a pocos kilómetros de Tblisi, y atacando el puerto de Poti, esencial para los intereses comerciales georgianos.</p>
<p>Tras una intervención del presidente francés y rotatorio del Consejo de la UE, Nicolas Sarkozy, se alcanzaba un acuerdo para un cese de la violencia y vuelta a las posiciones anteriores al ataque con la finalidad de poder negociar una salida al conflicto. Lejos de cumplir con el contenido de dicho acuerdo, las tropas rusas no terminan de retirarse de sus posiciones y el desafío a Europa y a EEUU se culmina el 26 de agosto con el reconocimiento por parte rusa de la independencia de Osetia del Sur y Abjasia: posición condenada inmediatamente por los países europeos por violar la integridad territorial de Georgia pero argumentada por Rusia sobre la base de la declaración unilateral de independencia y posterior reconocimiento mayoritario de Kosovo.</p>
<p>El 1 de octubre la UE desplegaba su misión civil (EUMM) para verificar la retirada de las tropas rusas y el cumplimiento de los acuerdos alcanzados con las partes el 8 de septiembre.</p>
<p>Es evidente que esta guerra en territorio europeo por el control de una región como Osetia del Sur tiene unas raíces que se remontan a la desintegración de la Unión Soviética y constituye una de las muchas disputas territoriales no resueltas desde entonces. Pero si comenzamos este estudio con el acontecimiento de la crisis de Georgia de 2008, sin entrar en las torpezas estratégicas de los implicados o las provocaciones buscadas a países vecinos y organizaciones internacionales, es porque permite apreciar la inestabilidad de la región y la que puede generar en el resto de Europa, el juego de fuerzas de los distintos poderes, el papel de la UE y las debilidades del mismo. Este aspecto constituirá el eje central de análisis atendiendo a la evolución de las relaciones con el Cáucaso Sur y Asia Central, a los intereses en presencia y a los instrumentos para canalizarlos.</p>
<p>Tradicionalmente la política de relaciones exteriores de la UE no ha tenido un papel relevante en Asia Central y en la región de Cáucaso Sur por razones políticas y económicas.</p>
<p>Durante décadas, la UE –previamente la CE– ha concentrado sus esfuerzos en el exterior en las regiones más próximas o allí donde existía un vínculo histórico con un Estado miembro: países mediterráneos, Latinoamérica, países ACP y Europa Central y Oriental tras el fin de la Guerra Fría. Tras la última ampliación, y aun más con algunas por venir –como, por ejemplo, la de Turquía–, varios países euro-asiáticos se convierten en vecinos de la Unión. El territorio de la Unión puede llegar no sólo a las fronteras africanas sino a las asiáticas y a Oriente Medio. Como consecuencia, varios puntos calientes de la política internacional se situarían en este nuevo “patio trasero” de la UE, suponiendo una amenaza a la seguridad y estabilidad europeas y, como tal, un desafío para la Unión. Por lo tanto, en la actualidad la UE tiene intereses de seguridad en una periferia estable, democrática o, al menos, con estructuras de buena gobernanza.</p>
<p>La Política de Vecindad actualmente vigente permite articular las relaciones de la Unión con los tres países caucásicos, no así con los cinco de Asia Central relegados al bloque de la cooperación al desarrollo.</p>
<p>La actual crisis económica mundial y los acontecimientos en Georgia en el verano de 2008 ponen de relieve el papel esencial de la zona en el gran tablero internacional, principalmente si atendemos a la satisfacción de necesidades energéticas y al tradicional predominio ruso. Sin embargo, es cierto que existe el riesgo de que la preocupación por la crisis y las consiguientes reducciones de consumo lleven a Europa, entendemos que erróneamente, a postergar de nuevo el interés por la región convirtiéndose otra vez en “actor invisible” frente a la presencia fuerte de otros actores internacionales.</p>
<p>El objetivo de este documento, como se ha apuntado, será poner de manifiesto los intereses europeos en Asia Central y el Cáucaso Sur, los instrumentos existentes y los que serían necesarios para alcanzarlos, los obstáculos a una presencia creciente europea y el potencial de su acción si se dan una serie de condiciones previas.</p>
<p>Leer <a href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2009/9121.pdf" target="_blank">artículo completo</a> (PDF).</p>
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		<title>Georgia: seis meses después</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24108/georgia-seis-meses-despues/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24108/georgia-seis-meses-despues/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2009 22:45:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=24108</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Elena García Guitián</strong>, profesora del Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (EL PAÍS, 28/02/09):</p>
<p>El 8 de febrero se cumplieron seis meses de la entrada del Ejército georgiano en Tskhinvali y en Tbilisi, la capital georgiana, sonaron campanas de boda real en la catedral. Un espectáculo que recogió en nuestro país la prensa del corazón, a pesar de que finalmente no contara con la asistencia de los príncipes de Asturias. La mirada al pasado, traducida en el fuerte resurgimiento del poder de la Iglesia y la propuesta de una restauración monárquica, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/24108/georgia-seis-meses-despues/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Elena García Guitián</strong>, profesora del Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (EL PAÍS, 28/02/09):</p>
<p>El 8 de febrero se cumplieron seis meses de la entrada del Ejército georgiano en Tskhinvali y en Tbilisi, la capital georgiana, sonaron campanas de boda real en la catedral. Un espectáculo que recogió en nuestro país la prensa del corazón, a pesar de que finalmente no contara con la asistencia de los príncipes de Asturias. La mirada al pasado, traducida en el fuerte resurgimiento del poder de la Iglesia y la propuesta de una restauración monárquica, podría ser para algunos un remedio a los males tan evidentes de la política partidista georgiana.</p>
<p>Un generalizado pesimismo invade hoy a los georgianos. La guerra de agosto y la repercusión de la crisis económica mundial han cortado de raíz sus expectativas, esa creencia en que algo iba cambiando para bien después de tantos años, primero de conflictos militares y políticos muy duros y posteriormente de estancamiento total. Ahora se encuentran con una espectacular caída del crecimiento económico, debida a la pérdida de valor de su moneda, el lari; la huida de inversores extranjeros, inversión que constituye hasta el 20% del PIB; el incremento del paro; la destrucción de infraestructuras, y la presencia de numerosos refugiados. Aunque eso no parece desanimar al presidente Saakashvili, que se muestra muy optimista al comparar sus cifras con las de otros países de su entorno. Por eso a la sensación de humillación y tristeza de los ciudadanos hay que unir una creciente desconfianza en la política.</p>
<p>¿Cómo han transcurrido estos últimos meses? La actividad política y diplomática en Tbilisi después del conflicto ha sido frenética. La conferencia de donantes celebrada en Bruselas el otoño pasado año reunió a más de 67 países que ofrecieron millones de euros para la reconstrucción. Los viajes solidarios de los distintos líderes mundiales se multiplicaron y los embajadores georgianos intensificaron sus contactos para conseguir apoyos en todos los países.</p>
<p>A pesar de ello, la candidatura de Georgia para integrar la OTAN fue pospuesta indefinidamente hasta que se dieran las condiciones adecuadas, y muchos países que en un principio habían condenado sin paliativos a Rusia matizaron su discurso, no sólo considerando sus intereses económicos (energéticos) con Rusia, sino después de tener más datos sobre el conflicto, marcando distancias respecto al comportamiento del presidente georgiano.</p>
<p>No ha sido éste el caso de Estados Unidos, que el 9 de enero de este año firmó con Georgia un tratado bilateral de cooperación militar, comercial y energética -en el que se compromete a ayudar a su integración en la OTAN y otras instituciones- parecido al acordado en diciembre con Ucrania. Esa firma, realizada justo antes del cambio en la presidencia estadounidense, ha sido interpretada como un intento de crear un compromiso que condicione la futura política de Obama, de quien, a diferencia de lo que sucedía con Bush, el Gobierno georgiano no sabe qué puede esperar. Respecto al acuerdo, lo que quizás más sobresalto ha creado ha sido la declaración del presidente georgiano en el momento de la firma, recogida por la prensa internacional, en la que se refería al hecho de que, gracias al acuerdo, Georgia se haría más fuerte y sería capaz de seguir el camino para restaurar su integridad territorial.</p>
<p>Por su parte, Rusia se ha mostrado reticente a cumplir los acuerdos de paz. Permitió que los paramilitares acosaran y expulsaran a los osetios de origen georgiano, lo que, unido a los desplazados durante las acciones bélicas, ha dejado más de 25.000 refugiados en Georgia. Ha bloqueado la extensión del mandato de la OSCE dentro de los territorios en conflicto y sigue pidiendo adhesiones para reconocer la independencia de Osetia del Sur y Abjazia, y exigiendo su presencia en los foros internacionales, como las rondas de conversaciones en Ginebra. Además, todavía ocupa posiciones en territorio georgiano no disputado.</p>
<p>Dentro de Georgia, también ha habido muchos cambios. La comisión parlamentaria que se creó el 26 de septiembre para investigar las circunstancias en las que se había iniciado la ofensiva georgiana concluyó que toda la responsabilidad por lo sucedido recaía únicamente en Rusia, que había planeado y provocado la guerra, sin dejar otra salida a los georgianos más que la respuesta armada. Exoneraba así de toda responsabilidad a Saakashvili, aunque no al Consejo de Seguridad Nacional, debido a su incapacidad para prever la reacción rusa, ni al Ejército georgiano, acusado de mal funcionamiento en la campaña y cuyos responsables fueron destituidos. No obstante, algunas de las declaraciones individuales de políticos y funcionarios durante el procedimiento, por lo menos arrojaron dudas sobre la versión oficial.</p>
<p>También se realizaron cambios en el Gobierno, con relevos en las carteras de Educación, Defensa y Exteriores, pero que al final supusieron algo parecido a lo que ha sucedido durante los cuatro reajustes que Saakashvili ha realizado en un año: mera sustitución de unos ministros por otros, salidos en su mayoría de un círculo cercano a un presidente que exige sobre todo lealtad a su persona y que controla todas las decisiones.</p>
<p>El hecho de que uno de los objetivos declarados de Rusia fuera hacer caer al presidente, propició inicialmente el cierre de filas de los georgianos en torno a su líder. A pesar de ello, pronto aparecieron las primeras críticas, no sólo de la oposición sino también de políticos que habían ocupado cargos afines al Gobierno, y estas críticas se han ido sucediendo a lo largo de estos meses. Pero más que centrarse en la decisión de Saakashvili de enviar el Ejército a Osetia del Sur, el argumento que esgrimen es su autoritarismo en el ejercicio del poder. Se critica su estilo de liderazgo considerándolo no democrático, dado su control de los medios y el poder judicial. El Defensor del Pueblo, Sozar Subari, por ejemplo, ha denunciado abusos de derechos humanos justificados por la necesidad de construir un Estado fuerte. La antigua portavoz del Parlamento, Nino Burjanadze, exigió reformas electorales y ha creado un partido de oposición, como también se han convertido en opositores el anterior primer ministro, Zurab Noghaideli, o el antiguo embajador ante la ONU, Irakli Alazania, que últimamente es el que está adquiriendo más protagonismo.</p>
<p>Pero mientras el presidente sigue vendiendo de forma vehemente sus objetivos en todos los foros internacionales, incluso la posibilidad de liberar los territorios de Abjazia y Osetia del Sur &#8220;antes de lo que la gente cree&#8221;, y defiende sus credenciales como defensor de la democracia en el Cáucaso, su país ha experimentado una fuerte caída en los indicadores internacionales de democracia. La falta de institucionalización del sistema lo acerca más al modelo ruso que a otros, dada la concentración de poder en el Ejecutivo y el control que ejerce sobre los medios de comunicación, acentuado por el cierre del canal de TV opositor IMEDI. Su acumulación de poder, justificada por la necesidad de crear un Estado más funcional, ha dado lugar a un sistema paternalista de tendencias autoritarias, en el que no hay un equilibrio de poderes. Y a esto hay que sumar el hecho de que la sociedad civil activa está impulsada desde el exterior y depende de la financiación internacional, sin que realmente funcione como correa de transmisión de demandas o espacio de movilización de la población georgiana, que sólo parece implicarse en acciones de protesta esporádicas. Ello explica que Georgia haya dejado de ser considerada un Estado democrático en algunos índices internacionales que evalúan la calidad de las democracias.</p>
<p>Se acerca la primavera, época propicia para las protestas, y en una crisis económica brutal, los Gobiernos de corte autoritario pueden sentir tentaciones de recuperar el pulso perdido intentando solucionar viejas afrentas. Y no ha acabado el que para muchos analistas fue el primer conflicto de un mundo multipolar, que puso de relieve la impotencia de Estados Unidos y la división de Europa, y marcó la recuperación del potencial de Rusia, olvidado en parte por la violencia de la posterior entrada en Gaza de los israelíes.</p>
<p>Lo que la tozuda realidad nos obliga a tener bien presente es que las soluciones militares no suelen ser efectivas en este tipo de conflictos y cuando los sistemas políticos democráticos se apuntan a ellas, siempre acaban desvalorizando los principios que pretenden defender.</p>
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		<title>Six months after the war, Georgia looks very different</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23670/six-months-after-the-war-georgia-looks-very-different/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23670/six-months-after-the-war-georgia-looks-very-different/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2009 14:57:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Cáucaso]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Georgia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=23670</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Jonathan Steele</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 26/01/09):</p>
<p>For a few days last summer <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/georgia">Georgia</a> was under the world spotlight, portrayed by Mikheil Saakashvili, its president, as a victim of Russian aggression on a par with the invasion of Hungary in 1956 or Hitler&#8217;s blitzkriegs. As Russian tanks rolled across northern Georgia and smoke from burning villages plumed into the sky, western politicians and the media rushed into talk of a new cold war.</p>
<p>Six months later, Georgia is a different place. Leading figures in the opposition openly blame Saakashvili for the five-day war. So, too, do several recent defectors from his &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23670/six-months-after-the-war-georgia-looks-very-different/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Jonathan Steele</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 26/01/09):</p>
<p>For a few days last summer <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/georgia">Georgia</a> was under the world spotlight, portrayed by Mikheil Saakashvili, its president, as a victim of Russian aggression on a par with the invasion of Hungary in 1956 or Hitler&#8217;s blitzkriegs. As Russian tanks rolled across northern Georgia and smoke from burning villages plumed into the sky, western politicians and the media rushed into talk of a new cold war.</p>
<p>Six months later, Georgia is a different place. Leading figures in the opposition openly blame Saakashvili for the five-day war. So, too, do several recent defectors from his team, including two who were his standard-bearers last summer at the United Nations and in Moscow.</p>
<p>On Barack Obama&#8217;s international agenda Georgia is not the top item, but Saakashvili as well as his opponents are looking to Washington for any sign of a new approach. Georgia and <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/russia">Russia</a> are clearly linked, but which is the dog and which the tail? How the new US president answers that question will shed light not just on the value he puts on good relations with Moscow, but also on his understanding of how far democracy has advanced, or retreated, in the former Soviet republics.</p>
<p>Under Bush Georgia was a favourite, touted as a fledgling democracy with a US-educated leader representing western standards. Saakashvili had come to power in 2003 after demonstrations over rigged elections forced Eduard Shevardnadze, a former member of the Soviet nomenklatura and one-time Soviet foreign minister, to resign. Dubbed the Rose revolution, it became the template for Ukraine&#8217;s Orange revolution in 2004.</p>
<p>The west&#8217;s labelling of Saakashvili as a democrat staggers Georgia&#8217;s opposition politicians. They deplore the way that Saakashvili&#8217;s enthusiasm for joining Nato, plus an almost total lack of serious foreign media attention, allowed him to escape rigorous scrutiny. They point to constant slippage since the Rose revolution, from constitutional changes that emasculated parliament to the gradual takeover of the main television channels, pressure on businessmen to join the ruling party or toe its line, the sacking of independent administrators and, finally, the same faults that undid Shevardnadze &#8211; election-rigging.</p>
<p>&#8220;Saakashvili was our Obama. After 10 years of Shevardnadze people wanted change. But now we are no different from Azerbaijan or Turkmenistan,&#8221; says Erosi Kitsmarishvili, a businessman who was in charge of the Rustavi 2 television station that helped to bring crowds into the streets five years ago. Along with Zurab Zhvania, who became prime minister, and Nino Burdzhanadze, who became speaker of parliament, he was seen as the third key member of the group that put Saakashvili in power. Zhvania died in a mysterious accident in 2005, which many Georgians assume was murder. Burdzhanadze resigned a few months before the August war, and now wants Saakashvili to.</p>
<p>George Khutsishvili, who heads the International Centre on Conflict and Negotiations, says Saakashvili and the half-dozen loyalists who form the core of his regime have cynical motives in allowing opposition newspapers, small television stations, and political parties. &#8220;These people had authoritarian instincts from the beginning but they had to maintain some sort of liberal democratic slogans. These people want velvet authoritarianism,&#8221; he adds. As Obama was taking his oath of office last week, Khutsishvili was at the US embassy delivering a letter from several civil society groups. It urged the new president not to limit his Georgian contacts to the government.</p>
<p>If their demands seem remote from last August&#8217;s war and the presence today of thousands of Russian troops in the breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, Saakashvili&#8217;s opponents see a connection. David Akubardia, who runs the Kavkasia television station, claims the president turned to war after tens of thousands took to the streets to protest against the results of parliamentary elections. &#8220;He began this adventure. He wanted to transfer popular hatred of him to hatred against the Russians,&#8221; he says. He points out that even according to official figures for the presidential poll last January, Saakashvili lost the vote in the capital city.</p>
<p>David Usupashvili, who chairs the Republican party, puts the same point more softly. Describing the August war as the &#8220;logical end&#8221; of months of Saakashvili&#8217;s manipulation of Georgia&#8217;s domestic politics, he says: &#8220;Until August 80% of responsibility [for the war] was on the Russian side. They were taking these regions away from Georgia step by step. During the night of 7 August [when Georgian forces launched a bombardment of the South Ossetian capital, Tskhinvali, and entered the city] 70% of the blame was on Saakashvili&#8217;s side.&#8221;</p>
<p>A mood of resignation now affects most Georgians. Thanks to the war, South Ossetia and Abkhazia are seen as lost, for at least a decade, if not for ever. Foreign humanitarian workers in contact with refugees who fled the two regions in the early 1990s say their dream of going home was shattered in August. For the new wave of refugees, trying to rebuild lives and find jobs, the shock of sudden homelessness is too severe to allow much speculation about eventual return. But here, too, criticism of Saakashvili can be heard. &#8220;You Europeans and America put this president in. Please take him away,&#8221; a woman in a small cottage on a government estate for displaced people told me. She did not want her name to be used.</p>
<p>Ministers reject the criticisms and describe the top defectors as grumblers who always wanted more power or to use their government jobs for self-enrichment. They insist Moscow started the war. Temuri Yakobashvili, the minister for reintegration, says the army&#8217;s advance on Tskhinvali was not an attempt to liberate the region but a military necessity to block a Russian invasion that was already under way. &#8220;If you want to defend Georgian villages north of Tskhinvali, the only way was through Tskhinvali. The Russians could have been in Tbilisi if we hadn&#8217;t gone to Tskhinvali. We won time and were able to stop the Russians from advancing across Georgia,&#8221; he says.</p>
<p>Whether Obama accepts this case or the opposition&#8217;s will become clear later. The crucial point is that last summer&#8217;s image of a little democracy trying to resist the advances of a brutal giant was flawed. More and more Georgians are asking why they found themselves at war and if their president can be trusted. Obama&#8217;s people, as well as European governments, need to listen hard.</p>
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