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	<title>Tribuna Libre &#187; Taiwán</title>
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	<description>Revista de Prensa: Tribuna Libre</description>
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		<title>China’s Soft-Power Offensive in Taiwan</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39948/chinas-soft-power-offensive-in-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39948/chinas-soft-power-offensive-in-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 14:07:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Yuriko Koike</strong>, Japan’s former Minister of Defense and National Security Adviser (Project Syndicate, 30/01/12):</p>
<p>China’s behavior during the recent presidential election in Taiwan demonstrates that its leaders have learned some lessons, if only the hard way. They have learned that China can have a greater impact on Taiwanese voters through trade and making people feel richer than by threats – even threats to fire missiles – which had been China’s electoral tactics in previous Taiwanese elections, particularly when a pro-independence candidate looked popular enough to win.</p>
<p>Indeed, fearing the popularity of Lee Teng-hui, who ran in the 1996 &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39948/chinas-soft-power-offensive-in-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Yuriko Koike</strong>, Japan’s former Minister of Defense and National Security Adviser (Project Syndicate, 30/01/12):</p>
<p>China’s behavior during the recent presidential election in Taiwan demonstrates that its leaders have learned some lessons, if only the hard way. They have learned that China can have a greater impact on Taiwanese voters through trade and making people feel richer than by threats – even threats to fire missiles – which had been China’s electoral tactics in previous Taiwanese elections, particularly when a pro-independence candidate looked popular enough to win.</p>
<p>Indeed, fearing the popularity of Lee Teng-hui, who ran in the 1996 presidential election on a pro-independence platform, China’s People’s Liberation Army actually fired missiles close to the nearby coast of Keelung. But this saber rattling backfired. Lee won.</p>
<p>The presidential election on January 14 was the first of the transfers of power in China and Taiwan that will take place this year. Later this year, China’s President Hu Jintao and Prime Minister Wen Jiabao will be succeeded by men chosen by the Communist Party long ago. Avoiding new tension with Taiwan appears to have been a calculated decision by China’s leaders as they begin their own – perhaps not yet fully settled – changing of the guard.</p>
<p>For almost two decades, Taiwan’s presidential elections have attracted global attention not only for the robustness of Taiwan’s democratic culture, but also for the perennial question of whether the winner would seek formal independence for Taiwan. This time, Tsai Ing-wen, the woman nominated by the opposition Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), mounted a late charge on the Kuomintang incumbent, Ma Ying-jeou. But China did not bluster as Tsai surged in the polls.</p>
<p>Instead, China did all that it could do boost Ma, who has presided over a massive increase in economic ties with the mainland. For example, China provided cheap airplane tickets to roughly 400,000 of the one million Taiwanese living on the mainland to enable them to return home to vote. Given that Ma won by 800,000 votes, this tactic may not have been decisive, but it most likely played a considerable part in determining the outcome.</p>
<p>Paradoxically, the strong performance of James Soong Chu-yu of the People First Party, which split from the Kuomintang, helped Ma by giving voters a second alternative to him. And America’s quiet instructions to all candidates to avoid nationalist provocation undoubtedly also played a role in dampening tension with China – another factor that probably benefited Ma.</p>
<p>As part of China’s new “soft” approach to Taiwan, Wen emphasizes “conceding interests” to Taiwan. In Taiwan’s south, long a DPP stronghold, that approach appears to have paid off. The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) between China and Taiwan has enabled farmers and fishermen in southern Taiwan to prosper by selling agricultural and fisheries products to the enormous Chinese market, and the Kuomintang received higher support in the region than in past elections.</p>
<p>Of course, promoting economic interaction with Taiwan is not China’s ultimate goal; unification is. China’s government appears to believe that Ma’s victory is a step in this direction.</p>
<p>But economic integration is one thing, and political integration quite another. After experiencing the benefits of democracy and freedom of expression, Taiwanese are unlikely to want to settle for anything less than the open society that they have today. Indeed, with increased contact between Taiwan and the mainland, ordinary Chinese could begin to envy the modern democracy that the Taiwanese people have built – and spread the idea of an open society to the Chinese mainland. Ma’s role in his second term should be to serve as just such an evangelist for democracy in China.</p>
<p>Well aware of this “danger,” China is implementing five policies. The first is to expand the ECFA, so that more Taiwanese companies feel its benefits. Second, and similarly, China will try to shake up the DPP’s base by further targeting the commercial interests of Taiwanese farmers and fishermen in the south. Third, China will emphasize common Chinese culture in order to reduce Taiwanese fear of unification. A fourth goal is to win over young legislators elected during this presidential election. Finally, China will seek to prevent the use of the name Taiwan and force the international use of the awkward name “Chinese Taipei.”</p>
<p>But the greatest issue affecting cross-strait relations is the Chinese economy itself. Signs of decline in China’s economy, which has racked up double-digit growth for decades, would affect all of its Taiwan policies. When Shanghai stocks fell by about 20% last year, Taiwanese stocks fell by a similar amount almost simultaneously – proof of how synchronized the Chinese and Taiwanese economies have become. China will not be able to get its way if the profitability of this synchronization breaks down.</p>
<p>So, will Taiwan become more like the mainland, or vice versa? To ask that question is to reprise a debate that was heard when Hong Kong and Macau reverted to China, but that is seldom encountered nowadays. Whether serious moves toward unification change that fact will depend on the effectiveness of China’s soft-power approach, which cannot be limited only to the attractiveness of its economy if it is actually to succeed.</p>
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		<title>Breathing easier on Taiwan</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39784/breathing-easier-on-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39784/breathing-easier-on-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 21:10:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Dennis V. Hickey</strong>, director of the graduate program in global studies at Missouri State University. He was in Taiwan as an election observer at the invitation of the government (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 17/01/12):</p>
<p>Ma Ying-jeou, the incumbent president of Taiwan, has now won his hard-fought battle for reelection. What does it mean for the United States?</p>
<p>To state it plainly, Ma&#8217;s victory means one less headache for any U.S. administration, Democratic or Republican. China and Taiwan split amid civil war in 1949. The U.S. ended its formal treaty commitment to protect Taiwan from a Chinese attack in 1979, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39784/breathing-easier-on-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Dennis V. Hickey</strong>, director of the graduate program in global studies at Missouri State University. He was in Taiwan as an election observer at the invitation of the government (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 17/01/12):</p>
<p>Ma Ying-jeou, the incumbent president of Taiwan, has now won his hard-fought battle for reelection. What does it mean for the United States?</p>
<p>To state it plainly, Ma&#8217;s victory means one less headache for any U.S. administration, Democratic or Republican. China and Taiwan split amid civil war in 1949. The U.S. ended its formal treaty commitment to protect Taiwan from a Chinese attack in 1979, but it continues to be committed to the island&#8217;s security through legislation. Ma is seen as the candidate least likely to provoke China or otherwise put the U.S. in an uncomfortable position. But the final vote tally indicates it may not be all smooth sailing for Ma or cross-strait relations.</p>
<p>Ma garnered only 51.6% of the vote this time; his chief rival, Tsai Ing-wen of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party, or DPP, got 45.6%. In 2008, the charismatic Ma helped the Kuomintang, or KMT, return to power in a landslide election by promising to reduce tensions with China after the pro-independence DPP had held the presidency for eight years. The drop in popular support this time around could be attributed to a third-party challenger, a sluggish economy or some lingering apprehensions about closer ties to Beijing.</p>
<p>The U.S. had pushed Taiwan hard to democratize in the 1980s. But with democratization came complications, the DPP stand on China being one of them. The DPP supports Taiwan&#8217;s de jure independence from the mainland — a move that would be guaranteed to trigger a Chinese military attack. Despite promises to behave prudently after gaining power in 2000, the DPP orchestrated a series of &#8220;surprises&#8221; that included changing the name of Taiwan&#8217;s state corporations (from &#8220;China&#8221; to &#8220;Taiwan,&#8221; for example), shelving documents outlining a road map to reunification with China, holding a series of controversial referendums and making repeated calls for a new Taiwanese Constitution. Perhaps most provocative, however, was a noisy and quixotic campaign to join the United Nations as a new country, Taiwan, rather than &#8220;return&#8221; as the Republic of China, as it has previously tried to do. These moves led to an escalation in tensions with Beijing and increased prospects that the U.S. might become embroiled in a conflict with China.</p>
<p>Following Ma&#8217;s election in 2008, relations between Taipei and Beijing warmed. The two sides signed a free-trade pact, opened direct flights between major cities, signed an agreement enabling swarms of mainland Chinese tourists to visit Taiwan and agreed informally to a &#8220;diplomatic truce&#8221; whereby each would stop trying to bribe the other&#8217;s diplomatic allies into aligning with their respective sides. More than 1 million Taiwanese now live on the mainland. There is talk of a formal peace agreement to end the civil war. In short, relations between Taipei and Beijing are at their best since 1949.</p>
<p>To be sure, Tsai went to great lengths to appear moderate. She even pledged to expand linkages with Beijing. But Tsai refused to publicly renounce independence as an option for Taiwan. She also opposed the &#8220;1992 consensus,&#8221; an understanding whereby Taipei and Beijing agreed that there is &#8220;one China&#8221; but with each interpreting what that means. (The arrangement enables them to talk to each other.)</p>
<p>Tsai&#8217;s position prompted one unnamed U.S. official to tell the Financial Times that Washington had &#8220;distinct doubts&#8221; about Tsai&#8217;s ability to maintain stable relations with Beijing. The comment sparked outrage among DPP supporters, who complained that the U.S. was interfering in Taiwan&#8217;s domestic politics.</p>
<p>The U.S. stance, however, should not have taken any informed observer by surprise. After all, the 2010 U.S. National Security Strategy proclaims that &#8220;we will continue to encourage continued reduction in tensions between the People&#8217;s Republic of China and Taiwan.&#8221; And this is why Washington welcomes Ma&#8217;s reelection. The chances that Ma will continue to reduce tensions with Beijing are considered greater than Tsai&#8217;s prospects to achieve that goal.</p>
<p>It is likely that relations between Taipei and Beijing will continue to improve during Ma&#8217;s second term. But one should not jump to the hasty conclusion that Taiwan no longer needs U.S. support. Rather, the Obama administration should comply fully with the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act — the 1979 law that guides America&#8217;s unofficial relations with Taiwan. Continued U.S. military and political support will help Taipei negotiate with Beijing from a position of strength. Taiwan is the first multiparty democracy in more than 5,000 years of Chinese history; supporting it is well worth the effort.</p>
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		<title>Why Taiwan’s Future Matters</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39662/why-taiwans-future-matters/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39662/why-taiwans-future-matters/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 15:27:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=39662</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Su Chi</strong>, the chairman of the Taipei Forum who served as secretary general of Taiwan’s National Security Council from 2008 to 2010 (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 13/01/12):</p>
<p>For most of its history, Taiwan’s destiny was determined by three great powers — China, Japan and America. Now, as the 18th-largest economy in the world and a thoroughly democratized nation, Taiwan is still perceived by some in Washington as a potential bargaining chip in crafting a new relationship with China. This is a mistake.</p>
<p>It is true that Taiwan’s status is the only dispute today that is likely to drag &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39662/why-taiwans-future-matters/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Su Chi</strong>, the chairman of the Taipei Forum who served as secretary general of Taiwan’s National Security Council from 2008 to 2010 (THE NEW YORK TIMES, 13/01/12):</p>
<p>For most of its history, Taiwan’s destiny was determined by three great powers — China, Japan and America. Now, as the 18th-largest economy in the world and a thoroughly democratized nation, Taiwan is still perceived by some in Washington as a potential bargaining chip in crafting a new relationship with China. This is a mistake.</p>
<p>It is true that Taiwan’s status is the only dispute today that is likely to drag America and China into war. Similarly, a democratic Taiwan worries “realist” strategic thinkers who fear the consequences if it declares independence. But since 2008, when Taiwan began to stabilize its once volatile relations with China, it has become an even greater asset for the United States — and an inspiration for democratizing forces in mainland China.</p>
<p>After years of saber-rattling in Beijing and Taipei’s drive for independence, President Ma Ying-jeou’s May 2008 declaration of “no unification, no independence, and no use of force” calmed all sides. Taiwan and China have since engaged in numerous de facto government-to-government talks and greatly expanded people-to-people exchanges. With $130 billion worth of trade and seven million visits annually across the Taiwan Strait, the impact on both societies could be enormous.</p>
<p>Indeed, as China and Taiwan have grown ever more economically integrated, Taiwan has also become a model for China’s future. No longer perceived as a menace to China’s national unity, Taiwan’s value as an example for China began to emerge, particularly when it came to market reforms, popular culture and press freedom. And this new model arrived at a fortuitous juncture.</p>
<p>After 1949, Communist China’s first 30 years were engulfed in revolutionary fervor, internal power struggles and poverty. Its second 30 years witnessed rapid economic growth, which catapulted the country to the second largest economy in the world. The third stage, which may well last another 30 years, given China’s huge size, is most likely to be marked by a race between popular demands for participation in the political process and the Communist Party’s response to these demands.</p>
<p>This is a bumpy path Taiwan has trod. In the past three decades, Taiwan has discarded authoritarianism and moved from martial law to the rule of law, experiencing impressive economic growth and political liberalization. Authoritarian China now finds itself uncomfortably strained as inland provinces are struggling for economic growth while urban areas are boldly stretching out to explore the boundaries of political control, forcing the Communist Party to experiment with limited reforms.</p>
<p>Herein lies Taiwan’s new value. While China’s economic influence on Taiwan is growing, many in China find Taiwan’s experience with democratization, warts and all, instructive. Long resentful of prevalent corruption at home, they have watched Taiwan tackle corruption within its government, even at the highest levels. They have seen how successfully Taiwan combined modernity with Chinese traditions. And they have observed how Taiwan’s people freely express their will through noisy public discussion and regular elections. Last month, debates among Taiwan’s presidential candidates were even carried by social media inside China.</p>
<p>Taiwan will of course need to resolve its internal political disagreements. After all, some in Taiwan are not yet convinced that a push for independence would be misguided. However, such a move would court disaster, incur disfavor with the international community, and seriously undermine Taiwan’s newfound attraction to many Chinese people as a democratic model.</p>
<p>The winner of Taiwan’s presidential election on Jan. 14 should therefore strive to forge a new domestic consensus between opposing camps on the island’s political relationship with China while ensuring Taiwan a more dignified place in world politics commensurate with the contributions it can make.</p>
<p>Long locked in indignant isolation but enormously proud of their democratic achievements, Taiwan’s people must now accept that democracy endows them with greater responsibility for regional stability. They could start by playing a more constructive role in the evolving American-Chinese relationship by becoming an interlocutor on issues that affect all three parties, like disputes over the South China Sea.</p>
<p>All of this will require innovative thinking and skillful management. If either side or the United States mishandles the relationship by attempting a diplomatic or even military shortcut, it could spell disaster for all parties. But if China and Taiwan establish a sufficient degree of mutual trust, Taiwan can remain an indispensable ally for the United States and a model for China’s future.</p>
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		<title>China, pendiente de Taiwán</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39654/china-pendiente-de-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39654/china-pendiente-de-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 08:15:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Rios</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (EL PERIÓDICO, 13/01/12):</p>
<p>Hu Jintao se juega en las elecciones taiwanesas de mañana (presidenciales y legislativas) buena parte del crédito de su política hacia la isla. Es verdad que al poco de iniciar su mandato al frente del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh) en el 2002, confirmó la aprobación de la ley antisecesión (2005), que viene a proclamar la disposición de China a recurrir a la fuerza para impedir la independencia de Taiwán. Pero justamente a partir de ese año y con la puesta en marcha del diálogo directo &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39654/china-pendiente-de-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Rios</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (EL PERIÓDICO, 13/01/12):</p>
<p>Hu Jintao se juega en las elecciones taiwanesas de mañana (presidenciales y legislativas) buena parte del crédito de su política hacia la isla. Es verdad que al poco de iniciar su mandato al frente del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh) en el 2002, confirmó la aprobación de la ley antisecesión (2005), que viene a proclamar la disposición de China a recurrir a la fuerza para impedir la independencia de Taiwán. Pero justamente a partir de ese año y con la puesta en marcha del diálogo directo entre el PCCh y el Kuomintang (KMT) sobre la base de la aceptación del principio de «una sola China», la política continental hacia Taiwán dio un giro de 180 grados, reduciendo paulatinamente el lenguaje belicoso de su antecesor, Jiang Zemin, quien lidió a la brava con la compleja presidencia taiwanesa de Chen Shui-bian, líder del soberanista PDP (Partido Democrático Progresista), hoy en la cárcel condenado por corrupción.</p>
<p>Tras la victoria de Ma Ying-jeou (KMT) en las elecciones del 2008, respaldado por una abrumadora mayoría, se concretaron importantes acuerdos, poniendo fin a décadas de tensión. Las comunicaciones directas (antes eran vía Hong Kong) fueron restablecidas a una velocidad de vértigo; la promoción del turismo acercó a ambas sociedades; el intercambio comercial se afianzó… El Acuerdo Marco de Cooperación Económica, firmado en junio del 2010, culminó esa primera etapa de acercamiento, aun pendiente de desarrollo en los aspectos más controvertidos.</p>
<p>El mayor handicap de este nuevo tiempo en las relaciones bilaterales es la falta de consenso en Taiwán a propósito del tipo de relaciones a mantener con China continental. La oposición, liderada por el PDP de Tsai Ing-wen, acusa al KMT de sentar las bases de la destrucción política de la existencia de Taiwán como sujeto soberano de facto. La sociedad taiwanesa está dividida en dos bloques (azules y verdes, unos a favor y otros en contra de la unificación); norte y sur (unionista y secesionista, respectivamente); poder económico y sociedad civil (el primero, cegado ante los beneficios derivados del entendimiento, y la segunda, temerosa de verse sacrificada en el altar de los intereses de los poderosos).</p>
<p>El KMT tiene posibilidades de ganar las legislativas, pero de poco le serviría si pierde la elección presidencial. En los comicios celebrados desde el 2008, el PDP ha dado muestras de una vitalidad sorprendente. Tsai Ing-wen atrae por su carisma, pero también por su cercanía a la sociedad o la claridad de su mensaje no solo en materia de política continental, sino en otros ámbitos como en su apoyo al parón nuclear. El voto femenino, antes proclive a Ma, está más dividido en esta ocasión. Y para muchos, una mujer presidenta sería un símbolo de la definitiva irrupción de la modernidad. A mayores, la división unionista en dos candidaturas puede restarle a Ma unos miles de sufragios decisivos.</p>
<p>Un fracaso de Ma y el KMT en estas elecciones supondría el parón y revisión de todo este proceso. El PDP rechaza el principio de «una sola China», básico para Pekín. De ganar Tsai, las relaciones empeorarían, a pesar de que esta ha manifestado cierto pragmatismo para atraerse al electorado centrista.</p>
<p>En China, el recurso al poder duro podría sumar apoyos. No olvidemos que, en paralelo al acercamiento, China no ha cejado en su preparación ante posibles contingencias. En el plano político, está en condiciones de aislar más a Taiwán. En el ámbito de la defensa, la mejora de capacidades tanto de la Armada como en guerra electrónica tienen a Taiwán en el punto de mira.</p>
<p>La apuesta de Hu Jintao en relación a Taiwán ha marcado un punto de inflexión. El fomento de los contactos a todos los niveles tiene el propósito final de configurar una masa crítica en la isla que apoye la unificación. Pero hoy ni siquiera buena parte del KMT se inclina a favor de esta posibilidad. La defensa del statu quo es mayoritaria, optando por arbitrar fórmulas de convivencia amistosas en un proceso de aprendizaje y tolerancia mutua que puede durar bastantes años. La firma del acuerdo de paz, ya propuesto por Hu Jintao en el 2008 y retomado por Ma en el 2011, se enmarca en esa línea. Un armisticio no es equivalente a la unificación, pero podría incluir previsiones decisivas para avanzar por dicho camino.</p>
<p>Para culminarlo, Hu Jintao, quien vive sus últimos meses al frente del PCCh y probablemente no verá satisfecho su deseo de encontrarse con Ma Ying-jeou, debe confirmar su política con los resultados de estas elecciones, acallando a aquellos sectores internos, especialmente en medios castrenses, que abogan por prepararse para una guerra que consideran inevitable ante la ambigüedad calculada del KMT, la oposición abierta del PDP y la hipocresía de Washington, que dice aplaudir el acercamiento mientras vende armas a Taiwán. La opción de una guerra, no obstante, tanto si es breve y limitada como si no, pulverizaría cualquier mínima fe en el «desarrollo pacífico» de China, que perdería toda credibilidad ante el mundo.</p>
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		<title>High stakes in the Taiwanese elections</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39357/high-stakes-in-the-taiwanese-elections/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2011 22:59:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Parris H. Chang</strong>, CEO of the Taiwan Institute of Political, Economic and Strategic Studies (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 20/12/11):</p>
<p>On Jan. 14, Taiwanese voters will elect the country’s next president and parliament. Officials in both Beijing and Washington are closely watching the election campaign, for the outcome could affect both <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> and U.S.-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> relations.</p>
<p>President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, the incumbent from a mainland emigre family and Beijing’s preferred candidate, came to power in a landslide victory in 2008 on a platform of rapprochement with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> and reviving <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s struggling economy. However, most Taiwanese opinion polls &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/39357/high-stakes-in-the-taiwanese-elections/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Parris H. Chang</strong>, CEO of the Taiwan Institute of Political, Economic and Strategic Studies (THE WASHINGTON TIMES, 20/12/11):</p>
<p>On Jan. 14, Taiwanese voters will elect the country’s next president and parliament. Officials in both Beijing and Washington are closely watching the election campaign, for the outcome could affect both <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> and U.S.-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> relations.</p>
<p>President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Ma Ying-jeou</a>, the incumbent from a mainland emigre family and Beijing’s preferred candidate, came to power in a landslide victory in 2008 on a platform of rapprochement with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> and reviving <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s struggling economy. However, most Taiwanese opinion polls show him running behind Tsai Ing-wen, a native of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> and candidate of the island’s major opposition <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/democratic-progressive-party-dpp/">Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)</a>, which leans toward a more independent <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> and rejects unification with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a>.</p>
<p>Tension in the Taiwan Strait has subsided &#8211; despite Beijing’s continued buildup of 1,600 missiles targeted at <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>, just across the narrow strait &#8211; and relations have improved greatly under <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a> since 2008. On the other hand, critics fault Mr. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mas-government/">Ma&#8217;s government</a> for pre-emptive concessions to the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mas-government/">communist government</a> and charge that his strategy has undermined <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s sovereignty and compromised its de facto independence.</p>
<p>While <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a>’s policy of economic engagement with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> to liberalize and foster cross-strait investment has increased trade, it has brought a flight of capital and accelerated the movement of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s manufacturing to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a>. Consequently, more than 1 million blue-collar and white-collar workers in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> have lost their jobs. While <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s close economic links with <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a> have benefited <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s big businesses and foreign multinationals, unemployment remains high, and incomes are shrinking. On the eve of the elections, the educated young have been hit especially hard.</p>
<p>Given <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a>’s present high disapproval rating, running close to 70 percent, if polling were held now, he probably would lose his re-election bid, and Taiwanese voters likely would elect the first female president in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s history.</p>
<p>The return to power of the pro-independence DPP is a nightmare for Beijing’s <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/communist-party/">Communist Party</a> leadership. President <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/hu-jintao/">Hu Jintao</a>, who is scheduled to step down as the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/communist-party/">Communist Party</a> general secretary and chief of state next October and March 2013, respectively, has been eager to make a breakthrough on <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> his legacy. He is therefore apprehensive that opponents inside the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/communist-party/">party</a> would blame a victory by <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/cai/">Ms. Tsai</a> on the failure of his cross-strait strategy, subjecting him and his followers to politicalattack.</p>
<p>That’s why Beijing has been doing its utmost to influence <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s political tide. In contrast to its blatant intervention in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s presidential elections in 1996 and 2000, which backfired badly, Beijing’s tactics this time appear more subtle, resorting to economic means and media resources in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> to help <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a>’s re-election. Despite Beijing’s repeated assurances that it would not interfere in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s elections, Chinese officials have actively solicited support for <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a> among a million <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a>-based Taiwanese businessmen and factory managers. Beijing is facilitating the return to <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> of <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/ma-ying-jeou/">Mr. Ma</a>’s supporters to cast their ballots by arranging scores of charter flights at half price. On several occasions, Chinese officials and academics close to the <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/mas-government/">government</a> have gone so far as to issue not-so-subtle warnings that if <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/cai/">Ms. Tsai</a> were to win, the growing cross-strait trade and rapprochement would be disrupted and “calamities” might follow.</p>
<p>Does the United States care about <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/china/">China</a>’s attempts to interfere in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>’s democratic process and forcefully change its status quo? Last month, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said emphatically that <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> is an important security and economic partner. Two ranking U.S. officials have since visited <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> to highlight the importance of U.S.-<a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> ties. The Obama administration has slowly gone ahead with promises to sell <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a> weapons to modernize its armed forces, despite bitter opposition from Beijing.</p>
<p>But when Ms. Tsai visited the United States in September to reassure Americans of her credentials, an anonymous spokesman in the Obama administration’s National Security Council rudely criticized the DPP candidate in an interview with the Financial Times. In contrast, many American observers have argued it would be in the U.S. national interest for Washington to help ensure a free choice in <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/taiwan/">Taiwan</a>, safeguarding a vital democratic and strategic outpost for the free world in Asia, which protects the flanks of Japan and the Southeast Asian democracies at a time of increasing Chinese belligerence.</p>
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		<title>Upgrading Taiwan&#8217;s defense</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/37577/upgrading-taiwans-defense/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/37577/upgrading-taiwans-defense/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2011 17:07:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gasto militar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=37577</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Richard Bush</strong>, director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 19/10/11):</p>
<p>The Obama administration informed Congress last month that it would proceed with the upgrade of Taiwan&#8217;s fleet of 145 F-16 jet aircraft. The decision is controversial. China firmly opposes any U.S. effort to assist Taiwan militarily. Although Taiwan expressed gratitude for the decision, it had sought 66 new F-16s in the more advanced C/D models (it now has the A/B models). Taiwan&#8217;s friends in Congress and defense contractors had argued for the C/Ds.</p>
<p>Taipei&#8217;s disappointment belies the fact that &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/37577/upgrading-taiwans-defense/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Richard Bush</strong>, director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 19/10/11):</p>
<p>The Obama administration informed Congress last month that it would proceed with the upgrade of Taiwan&#8217;s fleet of 145 F-16 jet aircraft. The decision is controversial. China firmly opposes any U.S. effort to assist Taiwan militarily. Although Taiwan expressed gratitude for the decision, it had sought 66 new F-16s in the more advanced C/D models (it now has the A/B models). Taiwan&#8217;s friends in Congress and defense contractors had argued for the C/Ds.</p>
<p>Taipei&#8217;s disappointment belies the fact that this decision constitutes a real contribution to Taiwan&#8217;s security and underscores the U.S. commitment to Taiwan. The A/B upgrade will significantly improve Taiwan&#8217;s deterrent against Chinese military power.</p>
<p>Consider this analogy: You own a fleet of 145 transport trucks that needs modernization. One option is to buy 66 late-model trucks and let the older ones wear out. Another is to retrofit your current fleet with components that are equivalent to the late-model version. An upgraded truck has capabilities that are very close to a new one. Moreover, the cost of retrofitting 145 trucks is only two-thirds the cost of buying 66 new ones, and the project takes about the same amount of time and maybe less. In an ideal world, you would want to both retrofit old trucks and buy new ones. But because resources are finite, the upgrade option provides a significant and cost-effective improvement in your hauling capacity.</p>
<p>This is similar to the situation that Taiwan faces regarding the F-16s. It would prefer to have both retrofitted A/Bs and new C/Ds. But with more advanced weapons, structural improvements and new avionics to monitor and target planes of the Chinese air force, the improved A/Bs will be significantly more capable than they are now. They are nearly equivalent to C/Ds except in a few respects (airframes and engines are the same). The project is an effective, timely use of Taiwan&#8217;s defense dollars. And the administration has not ruled out F-16 C/Ds at some future time.</p>
<p>This decision also demonstrates the continuing U.S. commitment to Taiwan&#8217;s defense. Including this deal, the Obama administration has sold more than $12 billion worth of arms to Taiwan in less than two years. This is more than twice the amount sold by the George W. Bush administration in its first term and 75% the amount sold during Bush&#8217;s eight years in office. The hard reality of Taiwan&#8217;s security is that as China&#8217;s military power grows, the island depends on U.S. power and will to deter Beijing and remain safe. This decision reaffirms the American commitment, as China clearly understands.</p>
<p>Under President Ma Ying-jeou, Taiwan has adopted a dual strategy to cope with its complex security predicament. It has sought to reassure China that it will not pursue the outcome that Beijing most fears: legal independence. Taipei also has worked to expand economic and social cooperation with Beijing to give China a greater stake in the status quo and less reason to resort to coercion. Taiwan, however, recognizes that China&#8217;s capacity to engage in coercion is improving.</p>
<p>That reality gives both Washington and Taipei cause to doubt China&#8217;s intentions. So Taiwan must prepare for the worst even as it hopes for the best. It does so by enhancing its ability to hold on, in the event that deterrence fails, until the U.S. mobilizes to intervene. Upgrading Taiwan&#8217;s F-16s is one cost-effective and timely way to do that.</p>
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		<title>Taiwan comes between the U.S. and China again</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28908/taiwan-comes-between-the-u-s-and-china-again/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28908/taiwan-comes-between-the-u-s-and-china-again/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Feb 2010 22:21:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[América del Norte]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EEUU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=28908</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Richard Bush</strong>, senior fellow and director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution and the author of <em>Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 12/02/10):</p>
<p>Not surprisingly, China is responding badly to the Pentagon&#8217;s $6-billion arms sale to Taiwan. The Beijing government has suspended security exchanges with the Pentagon and promised to sanction American defense companies. Chinese scholars and other commentators see nefarious motives in the U.S. action and warn of negative consequences. Some call for tough retaliation. High dudgeon is in season. In Washington, some worry that &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28908/taiwan-comes-between-the-u-s-and-china-again/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Richard Bush</strong>, senior fellow and director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution and the author of <em>Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait</em> (LOS ANGELES TIMES, 12/02/10):</p>
<p>Not surprisingly, China is responding badly to the Pentagon&#8217;s $6-billion arms sale to Taiwan. The Beijing government has suspended security exchanges with the Pentagon and promised to sanction American defense companies. Chinese scholars and other commentators see nefarious motives in the U.S. action and warn of negative consequences. Some call for tough retaliation. High dudgeon is in season. In Washington, some worry that Beijing will withdraw its cooperation on matters of real importance to the United States, such as Iran and North Korea.</p>
<p>Before we panic over the high-pitched Chinese reaction, it is worth remembering the reasons for the Obama administration&#8217;s decision. What drives the U.S. defense support of Taiwan, including arms sales, is how the island&#8217;s civilian and military leaders assess their security needs. That assessment, in turn, is shaped by China&#8217;s military buildup as it affects Taiwan. In fact, that buildup has continued even though the threat that China has perceived from Taiwan has receded since Ma Ying-jeou became the island&#8217;s president in May 2008.</p>
<p>So the logic behind the sale is simple: China has increased the island&#8217;s vulnerability even when it did not need to do so; at the request of Taiwan, the Obama administration seeks to reduce the island&#8217;s insecurity.</p>
<p>Some context is in order. Since the mid-1990s, relations across the Taiwan Strait deteriorated as each side feared that the other was preparing to challenge its fundamental interests. China feared that Taiwan&#8217;s former leaders would go for full, legal independence. Taipei feared that Beijing would use its growing power to subordinate Taiwan. Each sought to counter the perceived plans of the other, which only intensified the mutual suspicion. As this vicious circle widened, Washington worried about the danger of a clash.</p>
<p>Tensions have declined since Ma has chosen to address Taiwan&#8217;s China challenge through engagement, and thereby improved China&#8217;s strategic position. Oddly, the People&#8217;s Liberation Army continues to procure and deploy equipment that puts Taiwan at risk. According to the annual Pentagon report on China&#8217;s military power, Beijing each year probably adds 100 short- and medium-range missiles, which target Taiwan.</p>
<p>Why China has not adjusted to the new, positive reality is puzzling. Is it because of rigid procurement schedules? Is it because civilian leaders cannot impose a change even when it makes policy sense? Or is it because China wishes to create the capacity to coerce and intimidate Taiwan? The answer is not clear.</p>
<p>What is clear is that this trend is in no one&#8217;s interests &#8212; Taiwan&#8217;s, China&#8217;s or the United States&#8217;. Taiwan&#8217;s leaders are unlikely to negotiate seriously on the issues on Beijing&#8217;s agenda under a darkening cloud of possible coercion and intimidation. The Taiwanese will not continue to support pro-engagement leaders if they conclude that this policy has made Taiwan less secure. The U.S. will not benefit if mutual fear again pervades the Taiwan Strait. Hence, the Obama administration is right to enhance Taiwan&#8217;s sense of security with the most recent arms sales.</p>
<p>What are the costs to the U.S. for this decision? Beijing has focused so far on bilateral security ties, suspending military exchanges and dialogues, for example. This is Beijing&#8217;s typical response to U.S. arms sales, and may be the way the regime shows the Chinese public that it has &#8220;done something&#8221; to resist the United States. Although these dialogues could be useful in reducing tensions, Beijing has not used them in that way, so the effect of dropping them is modest.</p>
<p>The bigger question is whether Beijing&#8217;s punishment will go further, such as refusing to cooperate with the U.S. on Iran and North Korea. Such cooperation has great promise as a central part of a positive U.S.-China agenda. Yet Beijing has been reluctant to get tough with either Tehran or Pyongyang. If its policies were more in line with U.S. interests, Washington might take Chinese sensitivities regarding Taiwan into consideration, at least in calibrating the timing of its arms sales decision.</p>
<p>Chinese critics of U.S. arms sales tend to assume that Washington is using arms to block China&#8217;s unification with Taiwan. Nothing could be further from the truth. U.S. support for Taiwan&#8217;s defense is and should be a function of the island&#8217;s sense of insecurity, which in turn is the result of China&#8217;s policies. Chinese critics should examine how their government&#8217;s own actions have fostered the very outcome they oppose.</p>
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		<title>La tesitura taiwanesa</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28039/la-tesitura-taiwanesa/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28039/la-tesitura-taiwanesa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:28:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=28039</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (EL CORREO DIGITAL, 05/12/09):</p>
<p>Taiwán no es poca cosa. Una isla que con la extensión aproximada de Galicia y una población equivalente a la mitad de España es la decimoctava potencia comercial, la vigésima economía del mundo y el cuarto país con más divisas extranjeras. No obstante, en tiempos de integración regional y global, su futuro está condicionado por la inflexibilidad de China, dispuesta a ceder sólo a cambio de contrapartidas. Las tensiones con los independentistas (2000-2008) bloquearon cualquier expectativa. De ahí que el Kuomintang (KMT), que retomó el &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/28039/la-tesitura-taiwanesa/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (EL CORREO DIGITAL, 05/12/09):</p>
<p>Taiwán no es poca cosa. Una isla que con la extensión aproximada de Galicia y una población equivalente a la mitad de España es la decimoctava potencia comercial, la vigésima economía del mundo y el cuarto país con más divisas extranjeras. No obstante, en tiempos de integración regional y global, su futuro está condicionado por la inflexibilidad de China, dispuesta a ceder sólo a cambio de contrapartidas. Las tensiones con los independentistas (2000-2008) bloquearon cualquier expectativa. De ahí que el Kuomintang (KMT), que retomó el poder en 2008, accediera a repensar las relaciones pactando, ya en 2005, las reglas de una nueva convivencia: tregua diplomática, apoyo mutuo a la integración económica, reconocimiento de la existencia de una sola China.</p>
<p>El nuevo presidente taiwánes, Ma Ying-jeou, quiere firmar con Pekín un acuerdo económico que facilite las relaciones con el continente y la integración en el mercado regional. A partir de 2010 éste entrará en un nuevo tiempo con el acuerdo de libre comercio en el área de ANSEA (Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático). Taipei pronto abrirá delegaciones en Birmania, Laos, Camboya y reforzará su presencia en Japón y otros países. Ma considera más prioritario el acuerdo económico que uno de paz, aunque China se niega a retirar los misiles que apuntan a la isla, experimenta sistemas para impedir la entrada de portaaviones estadounidenses en el estrecho o presiona a Washington para que descarte nuevas ventas de armas a la isla.</p>
<p>Las negociaciones del acuerdo se iniciarán de inmediato. Mientras, desde el continente se multiplican los gestos para seducir a los sectores empresariales con irresistibles propuestas. En el curso del último año se han firmado varios acuerdos para blindar la cooperación bilateral, reforzada con donaciones y misiones de compra como la protagonizada por empresas de Jiangsu (integrada por unas 3.000 personas y con adquisiciones por valor de 4.130 millones de dólares). El último acuerdo se refiere a la gestión y supervisión bancaria, que permitirá el establecimiento respectivo de sucursales. Por otra parte, China ha formalizado un ingente pedido de productos agrícolas a Taiwán (1.250 millones de dólares hasta finales de 2010). Las autoridades de Fujian, enfrente de la isla, impulsarán una zona económica que servirá de plataforma de cooperación para ambos lados del estrecho.</p>
<p>El acercamiento incluye otros campos. El Ministerio de Educación estudia reconocer los diplomas emitidos por 41 universidades chinas, además de abrir las puertas de las universidades de Taiwán a los estudiantes del continente. Otros sugieren una alianza con los Institutos Confucio para aumentar la influencia cultural y aprovechar un mercado en auge (desde el primer instituto abierto en Seúl en 2005 se cuentan más de 250 en todo el mundo). En el turismo, habrá representaciones estables a cada lado. Las restricciones a los medios de comunicación se relajan. Los vuelos directos entre ambos lados, iniciados en 2008, suman 270 semanales.</p>
<p>En las elecciones locales de hoy, la oposición ha pedido un voto de castigo contra el KMT. Pero sea cual sea el resultado, el acercamiento en lo económico no sufrirá cambio alguno. En Taipei se separan economía y política, pero la frontera no está clara. La creciente influencia de China en la región y el reforzamiento de los lazos económicos pueden influir en las posibilidades de mantenimiento del estatu quo. De no rebajar la tensión política, el aislamiento promovido por China puede malograr sus oportunidades económicas, afectando a su progreso y estabilidad. Pero integrarse demasiado con el continente puede comprometer su viabilidad política. Entre la espada y la pared, la adecuada gestión de tan difícil equilibrio será una de las claves del futuro en Asia-Pacífico.</p>
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		<title>Un diálogo en alza en el estrecho de Taiwán</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23564/un-dialogo-en-alza-en-el-estrecho-de-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23564/un-dialogo-en-alza-en-el-estrecho-de-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 15:15:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=23564</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 13/01/09):</p>
<p><strong>Tema</strong>: Este ARI  trata de la magnitud y consecuencias de la renovación e impulso del diálogo en  el estrecho de Taiwán.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen</strong>: La reanudación del diálogo institucional entre China y Taiwán obedece a un cambio de política auspiciado por el Kuomintang (KMT) en Taipei, cuyos ejes esenciales (en el orden económico, diplomático y militar) se identifican en este texto. En el continente, Hu Jintao también da muestras de una creciente flexibilidad. Los primeros acuerdos logrados, de alcance histórico, aventuran una rápida normalización, aunque &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/23564/un-dialogo-en-alza-en-el-estrecho-de-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 13/01/09):</p>
<p><strong>Tema</strong>: Este ARI  trata de la magnitud y consecuencias de la renovación e impulso del diálogo en  el estrecho de Taiwán.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen</strong>: La reanudación del diálogo institucional entre China y Taiwán obedece a un cambio de política auspiciado por el Kuomintang (KMT) en Taipei, cuyos ejes esenciales (en el orden económico, diplomático y militar) se identifican en este texto. En el continente, Hu Jintao también da muestras de una creciente flexibilidad. Los primeros acuerdos logrados, de alcance histórico, aventuran una rápida normalización, aunque no necesariamente una pronta unificación.</p>
<p><strong>Análisis</strong>: La conjunción del ascenso político del Kuomintang (KMT) tras el rotundo triunfo alcanzado en las elecciones legislativas celebradas en enero de 2008 (logrando 81 escaños frente a 27 del Partido Democrático Progresista, PDP) y en las presidenciales de marzo del mismo año (58,45% frente al 41,55% a favor del KMT) y el provechoso diálogo directo establecido entre el KMT y el Partido Comunista de China (PCCh) a partir del año 2005, han abierto las puertas a un renovado entendimiento a ambos lados del Estrecho del que pueden desprenderse importantes novedades en el futuro inmediato.</p>
<p>En el continente, Hu Jintao, secretario general del PCCh y presidente de la República Popular China, a quien no pocos atribuían al inicio de su mandato (2002) signos de continuidad en la política taiwanesa de Pekín a raíz de la aprobación de la ley antisecesión (2005), documento deudor aún de una política inflexible que primaba las amenazas directas a la isla “rebelde”, se ha alejado, por el contrario, de la orientación seguida por su antecesor, Jiang Zemin, optando por el fomento del diálogo y la comunicación con todos aquellos que rechazan la opción de la independencia de la República de China o Taiwán. El soberanismo taiwanés se vio beneficiado electoralmente por la división en las filas nacionalistas (la escisión del KMT que dio lugar a la formación del Partido el Pueblo Primero, PPP), pero también por la hostilidad preventiva y hasta militarizada promovida desde el continente.</p>
<p>En un reciente discurso con motivo del 30 aniversario del “Mensaje a los compatriotas de Taiwán” (1979), Hu Jintao, adelantando seis nuevas propuestas para acelerar el acercamiento en el estrecho de Taiwán, ha dejado entrever signos de flexibilidad que no solo atañen al orden económico sino también a variables sensibles relacionadas tanto con el espacio internacional de la República de China como en el ámbito de los intercambios militares. Además, Hu Jintao ha apelado al PDP a abandonar su reivindicación secesionista para facilitar el diálogo con todos los partidos taiwaneses.</p>
<p>Los últimos meses han registrado importantes avances en el entendimiento bilateral. La visita a Taiwán de Chen Yunlin, presidente de la ARATS (siglas en inglés de la Asociación para las Relaciones a Través del Estrecho de Taiwan), en noviembre pasado, que incluyó un breve encuentro con el presidente Ma Ying-jeou, y los dos encuentros mantenidos por Hu Jintao con Lien Chan, presidente honorario del KMT, en la víspera de los Juegos Olímpicos y en la cumbre de la APEC celebrada en Perú, dan cuenta del salto producido en el diálogo al máximo nivel. El vicepresidente Vincent Siew también se reunió con Hu Jintao en abril, poco antes de asumir funciones, en el marco del Foro Boao para Asia.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, los acuerdos firmados el 4 de noviembre entre la ARATS y la Fundación para los Intercambios del Estrecho (SEF por sus siglas en inglés), entidades que han retomado el diálogo interrumpido hace 10 años, y en virtud de los cuales se normalizan los intercambios en materia de comunicaciones y transporte abren un nuevo capitulo y constituyen la antesala de nuevas aproximaciones.</p>
<p><em>La política de Ma Ying-jeou</em></p>
<p>En Taiwán, Ma Ying-jeou asienta su política continental en tres pilares principales: (1) la promoción del diálogo económico que debe conducir a la instauración de un mercado común con libre circulación de capitales, bienes y personas; (2) una tregua diplomática que garantice a Taiwán un espacio internacional adecuado; y (3) la definición de las bases para lograr una paz duradera y rebajar la tensión en el estrecho. Su mayor <em>handicap</em> radica en la incapacidad para articular un diálogo constructivo con el PDP y otras fuerzas de la oposición, quienes seguirán intentando aprovechar el temor que suscita el acercamiento al continente en algunos sectores de la sociedad taiwanesa para galvanizar a su base socio-electoral y, en el caso del PDP, pasar página de los escándalos de corrupción que han empañado su presencia en el poder (2000-2008), de un calibre tal que han llevado a prisión provisional al ex presidente Chen Shui-bian acusado, entre otros delitos, de blanqueo de dinero.</p>
<p>En el orden económico, la liberalización de los intercambios ha proseguido a un ritmo trepidante. En diciembre último, después de asegurar la conversión del yuan continental y del dólar taiwanés, se anunció que las transferencias monetarias entre los dos lados del Estrecho serán posibles en el mes de febrero. En el IV Foro Económico, Comercial y Cultural –organizado por el PCCh y el KMT y clausurado en Shanghai el 21 de diciembre– se han consensuado medidas y políticas para responder a la crisis financiera y abrir nuevas oportunidades de negocio e inversión a los empresarios isleños. En dicho encuentro, Chiang Pin-kung, presidente de la SEF taiwanesa, ha propuesto la creación de un mecanismo similar al fondo de reservas de divisas extranjeras establecido en la ASEAN, poniendo en común las reservas de divisas de China, Hong Kong y Taiwán. Por otra parte, la Bolsa de Taipei se ha abierto a los inversores institucionales continentales, aunque con algunas restricciones para evitar que se puedan hacer con el control de las sociedades insulares, y se ha elevado al alza (pasando del 40% al 60% de su capital neto) el límite del importe de las inversiones taiwanesas en las bolsas chinas. La normalización de las comunicaciones y el avance de la cooperación industrial en sectores como la aeronáutica, el sector petrolero, automovilístico, semiconductores, etc., vaticinan un pronto acuerdo global. Asimismo, ambas partes estudian medidas conjuntas para apoyar a los fabricantes taiwaneses presentes en el sur de China y que se han visto muy afectados por la recesión económica global.</p>
<p>En el orden político, la reclamación de Taipei de una tregua diplomática (ha perdido seis aliados en los últimos ocho años de mandato de Chen Shui-bian) parece haber sido atendida por Pekín, que ha dejado a un lado anteriores y denodados empeños que habrían podido cuajar en regiones como América Latina, donde la República de China aún conserva un nivel respetable de reconocimiento diplomático. Solo así se explica, por ejemplo, que Paraguay no haya reconocido a Pekín, anuncio que su actual mandatario, Fernando Lugo, formuló en sus primeras declaraciones como presidente electo. Además, Pekín ha facilitado el acceso de Taipei a instancias como el Acuerdo multilateral sobre los mercados públicos de la OMC, bloqueado desde hacía seis años, permitiendo también la participación con derecho a voto en la Agencia de Cooperación y de Información para el Comercio Internacional, donde participaba como observador desde 2007, o facilitando la asistencia de científicos taiwaneses a las reuniones de expertos de la OMS (sobre la melamina a primeros de diciembre en Ginebra).</p>
<p>Estos pequeños gestos, que tan tenido su complemento en la retirada de la propuesta de ingreso de Taiwán en Naciones Unidas, pasando a formularla como República de China (secundada por solo 18 de sus 23 aliados diplomáticos), tendrán su prueba principal en las próximas semanas, si ambas partes logran encontrar una fórmula aceptable para garantizar la participación en la Asamblea General de la OMS, reivindicación formulada por las autoridades taiwanesas desde tiempo atrás. La segunda prioridad de Taipei se refiere al reforzamiento de los lazos con la ASEAN. Para la isla es una cuestión de supervivencia. Taiwán ansía la firma de un TLC con la ASEAN, a fin de no quedar excluida del mercado único que construyen los 10 Estados de dicha alianza, que ya negocian con China, Japón y Corea del Sur.</p>
<p>En el orden conceptual, Ma ha rechazado hablar de “relaciones especiales de Estado a Estado”, fórmula promovida por el ex presidente Lee Teng-hui y causante de la ruptura del diálogo establecido a inicios de los años 90, proponiendo el concepto de “dos regiones” de una misma China, denominación que podría evitar las refriegas verbales en torno al espinoso asunto de la soberanía, evitando la mutua negación y permitiendo una mayor flexibilidad en la proyección internacional.</p>
<p>Por lo que se refiere a la paz, ambas partes se han mostrado favorables a la firma de un acuerdo que ponga fin formalmente a las hostilidades. Solo el PDP se ha opuesto a la firma de un acuerdo de paz por considerar que afectaría a la seguridad nacional y a la soberanía, conduciendo directamente a la reunificación. Reclamando una consulta popular de llegar a subscribirse, el PDP ya ha movilizado a cientos de miles de personas en Taipei a finales de octubre para contestar esta política del KMT.</p>
<p>Por su parte, en una comparencia en la Universidad Nacional de la Defensa el pasado 26 de octubre, Ma Ying-jeou reiteró que no habría guerra en el Estrecho durante su mandato, aunque no bajaría la guardia y mantendría un nivel de defensa alto en tanto no se produzca un aumento singular de las medidas de confianza y una reducción sustancial del número de misiles (han pasado de 400 en 2000 a 1.328 en 2008) que apuntan a la isla desde el continente. Pese a las nuevas compras de armamento a EEUU, que han motivado las habituales protestas de China, todo parece indicar que el diálogo en materia de defensa podría dar pronto sus primeros pasos, lo que sin duda ayudará a disipar malentendidos y evitar los riesgos de conflicto. Como señal de buena voluntad, Pekín podría tomar alguna iniciativa en relación a los misiles balísticos que apuntan a Taiwán. Esa esperanza (y convicción) explican proyectos gubernamentales como el de construcción de casinos en los islotes de Kinmen, Matsu o Penghu, con el objeto de estimular el desarrollo de estos territorios, donde antes se imaginaba el primer escenario de una confrontación armada directa con el continente, atrayendo a los visitantes de Fujián y otras provincias vecinas.</p>
<p><em>¿Unificación?</em><br />
Han bastado siete meses para poner fin a 60 años de interrupción de los lazos marítimos, aéreos y postales, estableciendo hasta 160 vuelos semanales sin escala que comunican 21 ciudades chinas y ocho taiwanesas. Más de 60 puertos chinos y 21 taiwaneses están abiertos a la navegación directa. Y es sólo el principio. En términos económicos, ello supone un ahorro anual de costes de un valor estimado en 90.000 millones de dólares estadounidenses. Es fácil comprender el apoyo que estos acuerdos reciben de la comunidad empresarial cuyos proyectos aumentan exponencialmente su competitividad.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, pese a la notoria intensidad del acercamiento logrado en tan poco tiempo, lo cierto es que, por el momento, éste guarda más relación con el logro de una paz sólida o el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades económicas que con la unificación, horizonte que no se atisba a corto plazo. El rápido avance experimentado en el diálogo bilateral puede explicarse en virtud de la temática tratada, en la que predominan la convergencia y complementariedad de los respectivos intereses. No obstante, en el orden político, las distancias son mucho mayores. El rechazo de la estrategia independentista por parte del KMT aleja la pesada sombra de la secesión que ha enturbiado la región en los últimos ocho años. Ello aumentará las ofertas seductoras a Taipei por parte de Pekín, pero la tendencia mayoritaria en el KMT y en la sociedad taiwanesa sigue siendo aquella que tanto rechaza la independencia como la unificación.</p>
<p>Los progresos en el orden económico y comercial coexisten aún con importantes ambigüedades y silencios en lo político que no excluyen la aparición de tensiones en el futuro inmediato, en el cual el KMT deberá hilar muy fino para no facilitar la estrategia de acoso del PDP basada en la acusación de alentar el “entreguismo” al continente. Por otra parte, al PCCh tampoco debería interesarle ejercer una presión exorbitante sobre el contencioso que podría tensar en exceso la cuerda y debilitar a Ma y al KMT, facilitando la vuelta al poder del PDP en 2012 con una credibilidad renovada.</p>
<p>Especialmente en la coyuntura actual, con una crisis económica que también en la isla reduce los niveles de crecimiento y aumenta el desempleo, buena parte de la sociedad taiwanesa puede respaldar una estrategia de relanzamiento que aproveche las oportunidades que ofrece el continente. El interés por garantizar la buena marcha de la economía es una clave fundamental que puede limitar las resistencias al actual proceso, pero ambas partes no debieran pasar por alto la determinación identitaria que subsiste en la isla y frente a la cual solo caben propuestas políticas integradoras. El proceso, pues, tiene importantes riesgos políticos para Ma y cabe imaginar que las dificultades no tardarán en llegar.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, en el orden externo, la comunidad internacional en su conjunto ha saludado el diálogo con el Estrecho, calificándolo de positivo y necesario. No obstante, el avance sugerido en materia de intercambios militares entre los dos lados del Estrecho plantea a Taipei el delicado problema de sus límites en cuanto afecte a las vitales relaciones que en este plano mantiene con EEUU, donde algunas voces han alertado ya sobre las eventuales consecuencias en el aumento del número de oportunidades que pudieran surgir en materia de espionaje, afectando a la capacidad de acceso a informaciones relativas al armamento estadounidense, lo que podría llegar a cuestionar el suministro de aquellos sistemas de defensa calificados como sensibles. En octubre pasado, el Pentágono anunció la venta de un paquete de armas a Taiwán por valor de 6.500 millones de dólares.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusiones: </strong>Cabe imaginar la sucesión de numerosos e importantes acuerdos que acerquen la normalidad en el estrecho de Taiwán. Estos avanzarán en tres planos (económico y comercial, diplomático y defensivo), pero cada uno a diferente velocidad, paso a paso, dejando a un lado los problemas de naturaleza política y coexistiendo con los efectos terminales de las tensiones del precedente mandato de Chen Shui-bian (como ocurrió con la ejecución del presunto espía taiwanés Wo Weihan). Pero, en su conjunto, cabe imaginar un escenario de distensión que multiplicará los actores y las complicidades, a uno y otro lado del Estrecho, con el proceso de diálogo.</p>
<p>Hu Jintao proseguirá con su política de acercamiento, aislando en el Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) a los partidarios de mano dura con la isla. Por su parte, Ma Ying-jeou, cuya popularidad pasó del 66% en mayo al 33% a mediados de noviembre, tendrá que realizar importantes esfuerzos pedagógicos para demostrar las ventajas del acercamiento y que este no perjudica el estatus ni la dignidad de Taiwán, aspecto que, junto al rigor ético de su Administración y la superación de los tropiezos económicos, serán las claves del éxito de su gestión política y de la consiguiente renovación de su mandato en 2012. Hasta entonces, la movilización de la oposición, liderada por el PDP, no se lo pondrá fácil.</p>
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		<title>US-Taiwan arms plan highlights tensions with China</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/22397/us-taiwan-arms-plan-highlights-tensions-with-china/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/22397/us-taiwan-arms-plan-highlights-tensions-with-china/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2008 16:46:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[América del Norte]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EEUU]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=22397</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 07/10/08):</p>
<p>China cancelled a visit to Washington by a senior general, slapped an indefinite ban on port calls by US naval vessels, and cancelled low-level diplomatic exchanges with the US today, in angry retaliation to a US plan to sell $6.5bn in advanced weaponry to Taiwan.</p>
<p>A spokesman for China&#8217;s foreign ministry in Beijing, Qin Gang, said the US move broke international law and would cast a shadow over bilateral relations. The proposed sale &#8220;has contaminated the sound atmosphere for our military relations and gravely jeopardised China&#8217;s national security&#8221;, Qin said.</p>
<p>China regards Taiwan, which &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/22397/us-taiwan-arms-plan-highlights-tensions-with-china/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 07/10/08):</p>
<p>China cancelled a visit to Washington by a senior general, slapped an indefinite ban on port calls by US naval vessels, and cancelled low-level diplomatic exchanges with the US today, in angry retaliation to a US plan to sell $6.5bn in advanced weaponry to Taiwan.</p>
<p>A spokesman for China&#8217;s foreign ministry in Beijing, Qin Gang, said the US move broke international law and would cast a shadow over bilateral relations. The proposed sale &#8220;has contaminated the sound atmosphere for our military relations and gravely jeopardised China&#8217;s national security&#8221;, Qin said.</p>
<p>China regards Taiwan, which has enjoyed de facto independence since 1949, as a renegade province. But its aim to unify the island with the mainland is opposed by a majority of Taiwanese. Under a 1979 law, the US in effect pledged to help Taiwan defend itself against any attempt by China to forcibly acquire the territory.</p>
<p>A Pentagon spokesman described China&#8217;s reaction to the sale as &#8220;unfortunate&#8221; and said it would lead to missed opportunities. But both sides appeared to be anxious to limit the fallout from the row. US-China cooperation on nuclear proliferation issues in Iran and North Korea was not expected to be affected.</p>
<p>The arms sale was first proposed by the US in 2001 but ran into opposition in Taiwan&#8217;s parliament, the Legislative Yuan, as well as in Beijing. It was initially valued at $12bn and potentially included Aegis-class frigates, submarines and advanced F16 fighter jets.</p>
<p>The current package is much less ambitious, consisting of defensive weapons systems. It includes 330 Patriot ground-to-air missiles, 30 Apache helicopters, 182 Javelin anti-tank missiles and spare parts for Taiwan&#8217;s existing fleet of F16 fighters. The Pentagon also announced a sale of Harpoon missiles last month.</p>
<p>China has rapidly expanded its overall military spending in recent years and has deployed an estimated 1,000 missiles across the strategic Taiwan Strait, facing Taiwan.</p>
<p>Prickly US relations with Taiwan have eased since the election as president last March of the nationalist Kuomintang party (KMT) leader and former Taipei mayor, Ma Ying-jeou.</p>
<p>Ma&#8217;s predecessor as president, the Democratic Progressive party&#8217;s (DPP) Chen Shui-bian, angered Washington and Beijing by pushing what both saw as a destabilising pro-independence agenda. That may have led to an undeclared freeze on new arms sales.</p>
<p>Ma has taken a series of steps to improve cross-straits relations since taking office, including direct charter flights for businesspeople and tourists, a lifting of caps on Taiwanese investment in China, and the opening of permanent representative offices in both countries.<br />
Taiwan also provided assistance to China during last May&#8217;s Sichuan earthquake disaster.</p>
<p>As a result of the thaw, Chen Yun-lin, the top official in charge of China&#8217;s Taiwan policy, is expected to visit the island soon. If it takes place, it will be the highest-level contact since 1949.</p>
<p>All the same, Ma&#8217;s popularity has been falling amid DPP criticism that he was kow-towing to China and failing to obtain reciprocal concessions. His decision to risk China&#8217;s displeasure and go ahead with the arms purchase may help him counter perceptions of undue servility towards the mainland.</p>
<p>&#8220;We think this announcement from the US government is a sign that the past eight years of discord are over,&#8221; Ma said in a statement.</p>
<p>According to a report last month by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), a US decision on the sale had been expected before the Bush administration leaves office in January.</p>
<p>Defence analysts suggested the White House wanted to push the deal through now rather than leave the decision to the incoming, possibly Democratic administration.</p>
<p>Embroiled in major conflicts in the Middle East, Washington has been keen to defuse cross-straits tensions and persuade the Taiwanese to take more responsibility for their own defence.</p>
<p>Yet now this appears to be happening, there are signs of second thoughts. According to the CRS report, a closer relationship between China and Taiwan &#8220;may complicate US regional interests&#8221;.</p>
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		<title></title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19699/19699/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19699/19699/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Apr 2008 15:19:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Procesos electorales]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=19699</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Augusto Soto</strong>, consultor y profesor en ESADE (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 16/04/08):</p>
<p><strong>Tema: </strong>Los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales en  Taiwán hacen posible un nuevo escenario para una aproximación con  China, apoyada por los factores preexistentes de cercanía.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen: </strong>Este  análisis se propone, en primer término, destacar el significado de los  resultados de las elecciones presidenciales y la relevancia que  adquieren los antecedentes del candidato elegido. En segundo lugar,  destaca por qué las experiencias de los políticos que acompañarán al  presidente Ma Ying-jeou pueden conseguir avances con sus diversos  homólogos en China. Por último, considera una serie de factores &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19699/19699/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Augusto Soto</strong>, consultor y profesor en ESADE (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 16/04/08):</p>
<p><strong>Tema: </strong>Los resultados de las elecciones presidenciales en  Taiwán hacen posible un nuevo escenario para una aproximación con  China, apoyada por los factores preexistentes de cercanía.</p>
<p><strong>Resumen: </strong>Este  análisis se propone, en primer término, destacar el significado de los  resultados de las elecciones presidenciales y la relevancia que  adquieren los antecedentes del candidato elegido. En segundo lugar,  destaca por qué las experiencias de los políticos que acompañarán al  presidente Ma Ying-jeou pueden conseguir avances con sus diversos  homólogos en China. Por último, considera una serie de factores del  mundo material y de la misma vecindad, comúnmente no mencionados en la  coyuntura política, que explican por qué el acercamiento puede apuntar  a convergencia real.</p>
<p><strong>Análisis: </strong>El acercamiento con China  está incluido en el programa presidencial del ganador partido  Kuomintang (KMT), que tomará posesión en mayo con el control añadido  del Parlamento. Así, tras las elecciones presidenciales del 22 de marzo  se inicia un nuevo período en las relaciones entre Taipei y Pekín. Lo  evidencian las más recientes y contundentes afirmaciones del presidente  electo, Ma Ying-jeou. Pero también hay una variada cantidad de factores  que apuntalan una mayor aproximación en el estrecho de Taiwán.</p>
<p><em>Los resultados y la figura de Ma Ying-jeou</em></p>
<p>El  4 de abril Ma Ying-jeou manifestó a la Agencia Central de Noticias de  Taiwán que no aboga por una exportación directa de la democracia al  continente porque el incremento de la interacción entre ambos lados del  estrecho conducirá “naturalmente” a cambios positivos en China. Y  recalcó que esa era la forma de fortalecer la seguridad nacional. Ma  resaltó de esa forma sus credenciales democráticas ante el mundo en  unos días en que la crisis del Tíbet está poniendo a Pekín a la  defensiva. Así, con una estupenda fórmula verbal, se pone políticamente  a cubierto para dar el paso que será ni más ni menos que el de iniciar  un nuevo acercamiento al continente.</p>
<p>En las elecciones, Ma  Ying-jeou logró el 58,45% de los votos, mientras que el candidato del  saliente Partido Progresista Democrático (PPD), encabezado por Frank  Hsieh, alcanzó el 41,55%. La participación fue del 76%. El resultado  del referéndum con dos preguntas que acompañaba la elección también fue  decepcionante para el PPD. De los 17 millones de electores censados,  cinco millones y medio respaldaron la candidatura de Taiwán a ingresar  en Naciones Unidas bajo el nombre de Taiwán, mientras que cuatro  millones novecientos mil votaron a favor de ingresar con el nombre de  República de China o bajo otra denominación. Pero se requerían ocho  millones y medio de votos para la aprobación de las propuestas. Las  preguntas eran ilusorias: Taipei es reconocido por sólo 23 países y  Pekín cuenta con poder de veto en Naciones Unidas. Por otra parte, el  levantamiento en el Tíbet y su subsiguiente represión, en el mismo mes  de marzo, no parecen haber influido en las preferencias del electorado  taiwanés en los referendos.</p>
<p>En una democracia semi-presidencial  como la taiwanesa no cuenta excesivamente la figura del presidente.  Pero en la práctica los presidentes anteriores, desde la primera  elección plenamente democrática, en 1996, han dejado su huella. Todo  hace indicar que Ma Ying-jeou no será una excepción. A los resultados  de marzo se suman los de la victoria en las elecciones legislativas del  12 de enero pasado, que garantizan que el KMT controlara el Parlamento.  Por otro lado, no es probable que las tradicionales disensiones del KMT  en asuntos internos se repitan en relación con la política a seguir en  relación con el continente.</p>
<p>La trayectoria de Ma es inmejorable para acercarse a China. Fue vicepresidente del Consejo de Relaciones con el Continente (<em>Mainland Affairs Council</em>,  MAC) entre 1991 y 1993, luego fue ministro de Justicia hasta 1996 y  alcalde de Taipei entre 1998 y 2006. Se ha difundido mucho que nació en  Hong Kong, pero desde muy pequeño (un año de edad) residió en Taiwán.  Fue intérprete de Chiang Ching-kuo (hijo del patriarca del KMT en la  isla, Chiang Kai-shek), y también sirvió al ex presidente Lee Teng-hui.</p>
<p>En  la arena internacional, como en la nacional, sus credenciales son  impecablemente taiwanesas. En relación con EEUU, el valedor de la  defensa de la isla, posee los mejores contactos que haya tenido un  presidente democrático taiwanés. Estudió Derecho en las Universidades  de Nueva York y Harvard, trabajó como consultor en el First National  Bank de Boston y como investigador en la Universidad de Maryland, una  institución donde se ha fortalecido en los últimos 25 años un notable <em>lobby</em> taiwanés. Allí destaca Hungdah Chiu, respetado asesor del KMT en temas  chino-taiwaneses y antiguo diplomático, académico y editor del  difundido anuario <em>Chinese Yearbook of International Law and Affairs</em>. Precisamente hace un año Ma Ying-jeou sucedió al influyente editor.</p>
<p>En  sus vínculos personales con EEUU el perfil de Ma se asemeja al de Lee  Teng-hui, aunque los contactos del nuevo presidente son más  consistentes. Por otro lado, comparte con el saliente Chen Shui-bian  sólo su condición de jurista. Con Lee Teng-hui se distancia  generacionalmente y con Chen lo hace en apertura al mundo. Éste, que no  estudió en el exterior, recargó su administración de ocho años con  impopulares temas identitarios que saturaron a la población. A  diferencia de Lee Teng-hui, el nuevo presidente llega al poder 10 años  más joven. Por otro lado, a diferencia de sus predecesores, cuando tome  posesión, el 20 de mayo, contará con experiencia en asuntos relativos a  Pekín, tras su paso por el MAC.</p>
<p><em>Las redes y contactos a ambos lados del estrecho</em></p>
<p>Tras  las elecciones, un factor relevante serán las personas que tendrán que  llegar a acuerdos con China continental. Tras Ma se sitúa el presidente  del KMT, Wu Poh-hsiung. Wu ha prometido que intentará continuar el  acercamiento entre su partido y el Partido Comunista Chino (PCC), que  contribuyó a restablecer en 2005. Los indicios son más bien  auspiciosos. Hace un año, al asumir su cargo, recibió felicitaciones de  Hu Jintao. Wu adquirió protagonismo hace dos años, cuando, en su  calidad de vicepresidente del KMT, visitó el continente durante 12  días, convirtiéndose en el político de mayor rango del KMT en cruzar el  estrecho desde 1949. Wu es un reconocido líder de la poderosa comunidad <em>hakka</em> de la isla, colectivo que en los últimos años ha recuperado sus correspondientes vínculos en China.</p>
<p>Igualmente  destacable es el parlamentario Su Chi (a quien han tratado este autor y  otros especialistas españoles). Es una figura clave en las relaciones  con Pekín y autor del término “consenso de 1992”, acuñado por él en  2000 como calificación retrospectiva de un encuentro que representantes  del continente y de la isla celebraron en Hong Kong en 1992. El KMT se  empeñará ahora en hacer aceptable el término “consenso” para acercar  posiciones. Hay que recordar que Su fue el vicejefe de la campaña  presidencial de Ma y es posible que en él recaigan encargos para el  acercamiento bilateral.</p>
<p>Por otra parte, el KMT prometía en su  programa la creación de un mercado económico común con China, defendido  en primera línea por el próximo vicepresidente, Vincent Siew. Éste ha  sido diplomático, economista y primer ministro, y tiene redes de  contacto entre las comunidades chinas del sudeste asiático, además de  en APEC, donde ha representado a Taiwán. Es la eminencia gris de la  Fundación para el Mercado Común a través del Estrecho de Taiwán que  fundó hace ocho años. Su declarado fin es “establecer la unidad  económica primero y la convergencia política después”. Siew tiene una  buena oportunidad de retomar contactos e incluso de reunirse con las  más altas autoridades chinas en el importante Foro de Boao, previsto  para la segunda semana de abril.</p>
<p>Por su parte, el pasado  octubre, el presidente chino Hu Jintao, durante el XVII Congreso del  PCC, planteó a Taiwán un tratado de paz bajo la condición del  “principio de una única China”. La oferta fue declinada, pero se puede  decir que está sobre la mesa y tiene aspectos negociables. Por otro  lado, Hu, si bien carece de experiencia de gestión en la costa, donde  está la mayor parte de las empresas taiwanesas, cuenta en el Gobierno y  en los medios empresariales asociados a su administración con una serie  de cargos y personalidades que pueden contribuir a acercar posiciones o  a allanar vías paralelas de contacto.</p>
<p>En primer lugar destaca su  ministro de Exteriores, Yang Jiechi, con más de dos décadas de servicio  en EEUU (un país todavía clave en las relaciones a través del estrecho)  y cuatro años como embajador en Washington. Distintos observadores le  ven como una personalidad de concordia. Además, hasta su nombramiento  como jefe de la diplomacia china, Yang estaba a cargo de los asuntos de  Hong Kong, Macao y Taiwán.</p>
<p>También se pueden considerar los  actores del mundo político y empresarial que están emergiendo durante  el período de la administración de Hu Jintao. En primer lugar destacan  las personalidades del conocido como <em>partido de los príncipes</em> (<em>taizidang</em>,  en chino). Esto es, los hijos de los dirigentes históricos y actuales  de la cúpula política y militar. Algunos de los más jóvenes han  estudiado en el exterior y luego han entrado en los negocios; o bien  han ingresado directamente en la política. El más notable hoy es Xi  Jinping, el vicepresidente chino, miembro del Comité Permanente del  Politburó y considerado como uno de los probables sucesores de Hu  Jintao en 2012. Desde 1985 y durante años ocupó distintos cargos en la  región costera. Primero en la provincia de Fujián, la más conectada a  Taiwán entonces, y en la que llegó al cargo de gobernador en 2000.  Luego pasó a ser secretario general del Partido en la provincia de  Zhejiang entre 2002 y 2007, y ese año ocupó el mismo cargo en Shanghai.  O sea, casi una generación en las provincias chinas en las que hay una  gran inversión taiwanesa.</p>
<p>Otra importante figura es elhijo  de Jiang Zemin, Jiang Mianheng, conocido como el “príncipe digital”.  Sus intereses empresariales se han orientado a las nuevas tecnologías,  entre ellas los <em>chips</em>, la fibra óptica y las  telecomunicaciones. Hace ocho años Jiang Mianheng se asoció en Shanghai  con Winston Wang, hijo del más connotado empresario de Taiwán. Fundaron  la Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (GSMC), compañía  especializada en la construcción de semiconductores.En este  caso la gestión no ha sido la que se esperaba. A nivel político Jiang  Mianheng también está a la defensiva por el retiro de su padre. En  cualquier caso, lo notable es que este es un tipo de vínculos que  innegablemente contribuye a la convergencia en las relaciones a través  del estrecho al más alto nivel. Igualmente se dan otras relaciones  similares desde hace años en escalones menores de influencia.</p>
<p><em>La cercanía ya constituye un mecanismo para la convergencia</em></p>
<p>Los  elementos de cercanía para una mayor convergencia son más evidentes que  cuando llegó al poder hace ocho años el presidente saliente, Chen  Shui-bian. En primer lugar en el aspecto económico. Tras su triunfo, Ma  reafirmó que la política económica taiwanesa se apoya en “amar a  Taiwán, infraestructuras e industrias y tender la mano a todo el  mundo”. Ese mundo está representado por China como tercera economía  global convertida en el primer mercado de las exportaciones de Taiwán y  primer destino de sus inversiones.</p>
<p>Por su parte, las  infraestructuras y la industria de la isla avanzaron considerablemente  en la década pasada, pero en ésta el crecimiento económico se ha  ralentizado, la inflación ha aumentado y los salarios no han crecido.  Hoy China es el primer mercado mundial en telecomunicaciones y hace dos  años pasó a ser el segundo mayor inversor en I+D, aspectos que para  Taiwán, junto con las posibilidades del turismo hacia la isla, suponen  una oportunidad importante para acabar con el estancamiento.</p>
<p>Por  otra parte, el empresariado taiwanés en el continente deberá reajustar  algunas de sus expectativas. Pekín aprobó en junio de 2007 una nueva  ley laboral que establece que los trabajadores chinos tienen derecho a  organizarse en sindicatos y a demandar más garantías. A lo anterior se  suma una agudización de la falta de terrenos, de agua, electricidad y  materias primas en el delta del Río de las Perlas, área de la provincia  de Guangdong que concentra una apreciable cantidad de empresas  taiwanesas. Con buen tino estratégico Pekín las ha alentado a  trasladarse al interior.</p>
<p>En otro plano, la interacción física  ofrece nuevas perspectivas de análisis. En diciembre de 2006 se  produjo, al suroeste de Taiwán, un terremoto de 6,7 grados en la escala  de Richter. El seísmo rompió seis cables submarinos e imposibilitó y  dificultó la comunicación por telefonía fija y el acceso a Internet  durante varias semanas en China y en Taiwán. Además, el 60% de las  comunicaciones entre Taiwán y EEUU se vio afectada, y también el 98% de  las que se dan entre Pekín y Taipei con Malasia, Singapur, Tailandia y  Hong Kong. Igualmente se vieron inutilizadas varias líneas bancarias  entre Corea del Sur y Taiwán. Este hecho cíclico de la naturaleza  muestra los grados de relación en la era digital y la dependencia común  de empresas taiwanesas, japonesas, surcoreanas y estadounidenses, que  ensamblan muchos más componentes electrónicos e informáticos en China  continental que hace una década.</p>
<p>De ahí que la cercanía entre  Taiwán y China sea mayor y que las posibilidades de conflicto parezcan  menores. Es pertinente la “teoría de Dell”, popularizada por Thomas  Friedman en su conocida obra <em>El mundo es plano</em>, que enuncia que  “dos países que forman parte de una gran cadena de suministro global,  como la empresa de ordenadores Dell, nunca se enfrentarán en una guerra  mientras ambos formen parte de la misma cadena de suministro”. Además  la idea es progresiva, es decir, entiende que los costes de una guerra  hoy son mayores que hace una década porque un conflicto significa  desmontar la dinámica de la cadena de suministro. Hace tres años  Friedman veía la relación entre China y Taiwán como el mejor ejemplo  internacional de la cadena. Con el mapa político post-electoral esta  idea se hace más plausible que nunca.</p>
<p>Por añadidura, las  culturas se acercan. Paradójicamente, ya durante el mandato de Chen se  instauraron dos medidas que apuntan a la convergencia. La primera fue  introducir la escritura de izquierda a derecha en los documentos  oficiales, como en Occidente y en China continental. La segunda ha sido  adoptar el sistema de transcripción de nombres chinos a nuestro  alfabeto denominado <em>tongyong pinyin</em>, un sistema cercano al <em>pinyin</em>,  utilizado en China continental. Más revelador aún es que el nuevo  presidente, Ma Ying-jeou, adoptó en su período de alcalde de Taipei el  mismísimo sistema pinyin para la denominación de lugares en la capital.</p>
<p>En  cuanto al tránsito de población se ha llegado a un récord. Según el  KMT, cerca de 200.000 empresarios taiwaneses que trabajan en China  volvieron a la isla para votar mayoritariamente por la candidatura de  Ma el pasado marzo. Pero la cifra de taiwaneses viviendo en el  continente es mayor, probablemente supere el millón. Muchísimos más  taiwaneses viven en el continente y lo visitan, que no a la inversa,  por restricciones políticas. Ante el nuevo escenario post-electoral la Oficina  de Turismo de Taiwán informó el 6 de abril que, con Ma Ying-jeou, se  espera el anuncio de una liberalización que permitirá la llegada de un  número significativo de turistas chinos. La Oficina anuncia que se  están creando nuevas agencias de viaje y construyéndose nuevos hoteles.</p>
<p>Los  procesos de integración regional también apoyan un mayor acercamiento.  Hace un año, Pekín y los países de la Asociación de Naciones de Asia  Sudoriental (ASEAN) firmaron un acuerdo histórico de cooperación que  profundiza la liberalización en sectores como las telecomunicaciones,  la energía, la ingeniería, la informática, la banca, el transporte y  las comunicaciones, además del turismo. Como es sabido, las economías  de la ASEAN tienen por su parte una excelente tradición de relaciones  con Taiwán.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusiones:</strong> El más que factible  reacercamiento a través del estrecho de Taiwán se verá favorecido por  los canales políticos existentes y por los contactos empresariales más  densos forjados durante las últimas décadas.</p>
<p>Además, las cadenas  manufactureras y las vinculaciones propias de la era digital, que  posibilitan una mayor cercanía dentro de la variedad de la cultura  china, complementan una convergencia de personas que se ha venido  constituyendo desde hace años.</p>
<p>Las necesidades de la economía  taiwanesa y las posibilidades materiales y de mayor implicación  política, que convienen a Pekín, alejan la hipótesis de crisis en el  Estrecho que se ha manejado durante décadas. Y no parece plausible que  otro partido en el futuro cercano pueda desmontar lo que se consiga.</p>
<p>Las  posibilidades para el establecimiento de una comunidad económica  aparecen en el horizonte de la relación bilateral. Sin embargo, la  firma de un tratado de paz parece una probabilidad posterior aunque más  cercana que antes. El tratado de paz es importante pero no es  fundamental en la relación estrictamente bilateral. Sin embargo, de  lograrse facilitaría lo que el presidente Ma Ying-jeou entiende como  nuevas posibilidades de <em>joint-ventures</em> para empresas taiwanesas con las de otros países en el continente.</p>
<p>A su vez, Taiwán tiene amplia experiencia internacional en ejercer <em>lobby</em> y en sacar partido a los encuentros <em>casuales</em> y discretos. En estos días y en los próximos meses se abren varias  posibilidades de acercamiento. Primero el Foro de Boao para Asia en  abril, luego las fechas posteriores a la toma de posesión de Ma, en  mayo, y los Juegos Olímpicos en agosto. Hay que recordar que el COI  logró que Pekín aceptase la participación de Taiwán bajo el nombre de “<em>Chinese Taipei</em>”.</p>
<p>Por  último, con el probable acercamiento el KMT implícitamente entiende que  si bien Taiwán no es parte de China, ésta sí se ha convertido en un  asunto interno de Taiwán. Al hacerlo, habría que plantearse si no  estaría reconociendo algo más que eso.</p>
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		<title>¿Es posible una sola China?</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19307/%c2%bfes-posible-una-sola-china/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19307/%c2%bfes-posible-una-sola-china/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2008 12:08:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Miguel</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=19307</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China y autor de <em>Taiwán, el problema de China.</em> (EL PAÍS, 25/03/08):</p>
<p>El resultado de los procesos electorales vividos en Taiwán el 12 de enero (legislativas) y 22 de marzo (presidenciales) abre un nuevo escenario: el retorno del Kuomintang (KMT) al centro de la vida política. En enero, impuso una severa derrota a su rival, el Partido Democrático Progresista (PDP), al obtener una mayoría holgada en el Parlamento. Y ahora, su candidato, Ma Ying-jeou, ha logrado la presidencia.</p>
<p>Tras perder la guerra civil contra el Partido Comunista de Mao Zedong, &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/19307/%c2%bfes-posible-una-sola-china/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Por <strong>Xulio Ríos</strong>, director del Observatorio de la Política China y autor de <em>Taiwán, el problema de China.</em> (EL PAÍS, 25/03/08):</p>
<p>El resultado de los procesos electorales vividos en Taiwán el 12 de enero (legislativas) y 22 de marzo (presidenciales) abre un nuevo escenario: el retorno del Kuomintang (KMT) al centro de la vida política. En enero, impuso una severa derrota a su rival, el Partido Democrático Progresista (PDP), al obtener una mayoría holgada en el Parlamento. Y ahora, su candidato, Ma Ying-jeou, ha logrado la presidencia.</p>
<p>Tras perder la guerra civil contra el Partido Comunista de Mao Zedong, el KMT de Chiang Kai-shek se instaló en Taiwán en 1949 y, con el apoyo de EE UU y las potencias occidentales, aplicó en la isla varias décadas de terror blanco, hasta que a fines de los años ochenta lideró la transición democrática. Durante ese período, el KMT mantuvo la ficción de representar a toda la China &#8220;libre&#8221; y la aspiración de &#8220;reconquistar&#8221; el continente. Los demócratas taiwaneses, por el contrario, defendían la necesidad de abandonar la retórica del KMT, originaria del continente, y defender que Taiwán es hoy un sujeto más de la comunidad internacional. Y así, en 2000, los partidarios de hacer de Taiwán un país &#8220;normal&#8221;, los soberanistas del PDP, lograron la presidencia, ejercida desde entonces por Chen Shui-bian, cuyo segundo mandato ha estado marcado por la corrupción.</p>
<p>Paradójicamente, esta evolución aproximó de nuevo a los viejos enemigos, comunistas y nacionalistas, pues ambos, a diferencia de los soberanistas de Taiwán, comparten la idea de una sola China, aunque cada uno con una interpretación diferente. Los años de mandato del PDP, si bien moderados por la influencia del KMT, mayoritario en el Parlamento, fueron especialmente difíciles para la China continental, quien se mostró dispuesta a impedir, incluso por la fuerza, la separación irreversible de Taiwán. Misiles orientados a la isla, ejercicios militares de intimidación y Ley Antisecesión ejemplifican esa respuesta. Pero falló la estrategia electoral del PDP, basada en dos premisas. Primera, China continental es una gran amenaza para Taiwán, lo cual es difícil de acreditar cuando las relaciones económicas entre ambos son tan importantes (102.300 millones de dólares de comercio bilateral en 2007, con un aumento del 16,1% y un saldo muy favorable a la isla), cuando más de un millón de empresarios taiwaneses residen en el continente y cuando el PCCh y el KMT, los dos bandos que pelearon a muerte en la guerra civil, dialogan sin problema desde 2005. Segunda, utilizar el reclamo de un imposible, el ingreso de Taiwán en Naciones Unidas, como aglutinante y movilizador de su base electoral. El rechazo internacional al referéndum para la incorporación de Taiwán a la ONU presentó al PDP como una amenaza para la estabilidad.</p>
<p>¿Estamos ahora en la antesala de la unificación tan anhelada por Pekín? Es poco probable porque las dificultades son muchas.</p>
<p>En primer lugar, políticas: a la imposibilidad de que el KMT pueda existir en el continente como un partido más se debe añadir que Taipei no comparte el sueño nacionalista chino. Se requiere una mayor influencia de Taiwán en los comportamientos continentales y una mayor apertura de Pekín, tendiendo puentes, incluso hacia los soberanistas, que ayuden a superar la confrontación que divide la isla; de lo contrario, las resistencias persistirán.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, estratégicas: la importancia del estrecho de Taiwán para Japón es enorme, y, por otra parte, de llevarse cabo la unificación, EE UU vería enormemente debilitada una condición &#8220;arbitral&#8221; que hoy facilita su presencia en ese entorno geopolítico. En tercer lugar, sociales: las nuevas generaciones de taiwaneses ya no se identifican con el continente y los millones de exiliados de 1949 son cada vez menos. Los años de gobierno del PDP han estimulado la taiwanización, obligando incluso a modificar la estrategia político-electoral del KMT. Y cabe añadir que la corriente mayoritaria en el seno del KMT no apuesta por la unificación, como tampoco por la independencia, sino por el statu quo.</p>
<p>En el marco del principio &#8220;un país, dos sistemas&#8221;, Pekín ofrece a Taipei mantener su sistema político y económico, incluso sus fuerzas armadas, pero no parece suficiente. Hu Jintao ha sido más inteligente que su antecesor, Jiang Zemin, quien recurría a la amenaza y ejercicios militares para contrarrestar el auge secesionista. El actual presidente chino, que en el reciente XVII Congreso del PCCh propuso un acuerdo de paz entre ambas partes, ha apostado por el diálogo con todos aquellos que no aspiran a la independencia y ha obtenido mejores resultados. Ello puede facilitar una considerable profundización de los intercambios económicos y comerciales, ya muy importantes, en materia de inversiones, turismo y comunicaciones -que aún no son directas, a pesar del clamor de la poderosa comunidad empresarial taiwanesa-, afectando a sectores como la banca o los seguros, eliminando progresivamente las restricciones impuestas por motivos de seguridad.</p>
<p>Las elites económico-empresariales de la isla y del continente comparten muchos intereses comunes. Habrá también más contactos sociales y culturales. Y, sobre todo, habrá más diálogo político, pero conscientes ambas partes de que el proceso de acercamiento podría ser tan largo como el cauce del río Yangtsé, sin poder arribar a ninguna orilla en bastante tiempo.</p>
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		<title>Strait talking on Taiwan</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18933/strait-talking-on-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18933/strait-talking-on-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2008 19:37:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[América del Norte]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=18933</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 26/02/08):</p>
<p>Hardliners in Washington, Beijing and Taipei continue to warn of an explosive <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050301faessay84206/kenneth-lieberthal/preventing-a-war-over-taiwan.html">military confrontation</a> between China and the US as Taiwan&#8217;s short-fuse presidential election draws close. But growing evidence suggests hawks on both sides are purposefully exaggerating the risks. Rather than threatening war, China is increasingly relying on <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/14/international.mainsection2">non-military means</a> to bring its &#8220;renegade province&#8221; to heel.</p>
<p>Pentagon officials regularly ring alarm bells over the Taiwan Strait. Thomas Fingar, a senior intelligence official, told Congress <a href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/02/15/2003401302">this month</a> &#8220;the danger of that (Taiwan) spinning out of control is real&#8221;. After terrorism, China posed the biggest &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18933/strait-talking-on-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 26/02/08):</p>
<p>Hardliners in Washington, Beijing and Taipei continue to warn of an explosive <a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050301faessay84206/kenneth-lieberthal/preventing-a-war-over-taiwan.html">military confrontation</a> between China and the US as Taiwan&#8217;s short-fuse presidential election draws close. But growing evidence suggests hawks on both sides are purposefully exaggerating the risks. Rather than threatening war, China is increasingly relying on <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/14/international.mainsection2">non-military means</a> to bring its &#8220;renegade province&#8221; to heel.</p>
<p>Pentagon officials regularly ring alarm bells over the Taiwan Strait. Thomas Fingar, a senior intelligence official, told Congress <a href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/02/15/2003401302">this month</a> &#8220;the danger of that (Taiwan) spinning out of control is real&#8221;. After terrorism, China posed the biggest potential threat, he said.</p>
<p>China&#8217;s deployment of over 1,000 short-range missiles opposite Taiwan and its rapidly expanding submarine fleet handily illustrate an overall military build-up that planners fear will soon challenge US dominance in the Asia-Pacific region. For its part, the People&#8217;s Liberation Army Daily newspaper called for further big and &#8220;urgent&#8221; increases in China&#8217;s $45bn (£22.8bn) military budget.</p>
<p>Cynics may suggest military establishments on both sides are using Taiwan to justify budgetary demands and weapons programmes. A more concrete reason for concern is the tense stand-off in Taiwan where the Democratic Progressive party (DPP) of the retiring, pro-independence president, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian#Position_on_Taiwan.27s_status">Chen Shui-bian</a> is facing political oblivion at the hands of the pro-China Nationalist party, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT).</p>
<p>Nerves are fraying. Lin Chen-wei, a senior adviser to Chen&#8217;s national security council, said China&#8217;s president, Hu Jintao, recently visited missile bases and instructed the Second Artillery &#8220;to be ready at any time to take military action against Taiwan&#8221;. For his part, Suchi, a KMT campaign manager, claimed the DPP might be planning to stage a mock military incident in the Taiwan Strait to scare voters.</p>
<p>Attention grabbing though they are, both sides&#8217; doom-and-gloom scenarios ignore strategic and economic realities, diplomats and academics say.</p>
<p>One is the unprecedented level of diplomatic cooperation between the US and China attained since Hu replaced Jiang Zemin at the helm in Beijing. Bilateral political and military exchanges are now at the highest level ever since the Chinese revolution. While they often disagree, the two countries are discussing international issues such as North Korea, Sudan, terrorism and Iran in a way that only a few years ago would have been nigh impossible.</p>
<p>A decline to 19% in the number of Taiwanese who support de jure independence meanwhile reflects strengthening economic, social and cultural links. Taiwanese businesses have over $100bn invested in the mainland. Both presidential candidates promised at the weekend to develop direct-air links with China and promote trade and people-to-people ties.</p>
<p>Lin Chong-pin, president of the International and Cross-Straits Foundation in Taiwan, argues that the real, often unnoticed trend in Taiwan-China relations is not towards military conflict but towards ever closer cooperation, fostered principally by Hu&#8217;s switch towards non-military methods of &#8220;recovering&#8221; the island. In short, he says, China has renounced counter-productive threats of force and discovered &#8220;soft power&#8221;.</p>
<p>&#8220;A number of [Chinese] policies have remained consistent,&#8221; Lin said. These included the Straits missile build-up, efforts to deny Taiwan &#8220;international living space&#8221; by curbing its diplomatic and institutional ties, and insistence on the &#8220;one China principle&#8221;.</p>
<p>But at the same time Hu had scrapped Jiang&#8217;s unification timetable, de-emphasised military solutions, soft-pedalled &#8220;anti-secession&#8221; measures, encouraged political and economic contacts with the KMT and business groups, and &#8220;actively reached out to scholars, journalists and artists&#8221; in Taiwan.</p>
<p>In an internal high-level party meeting in August last year, Lin said Hu told the People&#8217;s Liberation Army that its &#8220;major task&#8221; remained war with Taiwan. But he warned war would entail several major negative consequences: it would potentially ruin the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, disrupt China&#8217;s foreign relations, damage its international reputation, reduce external investment, impair its economic development and modernisation programmes &#8211; and cause a lot of casualties.</p>
<p>Even once the Games finish in August, Hu&#8217;s other reasons for pursuing a non-military solution will still hold good. And while the Chinese president remained determined to bring Taiwan back into the fold, he had perfected another &#8220;soft power&#8221; method of applying &#8211; and defusing &#8211; pressure, Lin said. When Taiwan&#8217;s behaviour caused concern these days, Beijing simply complained to Washington. US arm-twisting usually did the rest.</p>
<p>US post-ideological thinking appears similarly pragmatic. With so much else on its plate in the Middle East and Afghanistan, and with its reliance on China&#8217;s financial and diplomatic goodwill growing, the last thing the Bush administration wants is a flare-up in the Taiwan Strait.</p>
<p>More than in the past, and even as the hawks mouth and fume, China, the US, and most Taiwanese are finding common ground for peace. In the longer term, barring major crises or miscalculations, a Hong Kong-style autonomy compromise beckons.</p>
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		<title>A far cry from Kosovo</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18901/a-far-cry-from-kosovo/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18901/a-far-cry-from-kosovo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2008 22:03:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=18901</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 22/02/08):</p>
<p>Shieh Jhy-wey is Taiwan&#8217;s minister of information. He is also a 53-year-old <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidonformosa/2264820358/in/pool-taipei">rap star</a> with several hits to his name, a cool line in designer specs, and an avid female following.</p>
<p>Asked during an interview in Taipei about next month&#8217;s presidential election &#8211; and a planned simultaneous referendum on whether Taiwan should apply for UN membership &#8211; Shieh dispensed with pro forma answers.</p>
<p>Instead he rose to his feet, dropped a shoulder, extended his arms to a startled audience of two, and launched into a quasi-tuneful rap song of his own making.</p>
<p>The printed &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18901/a-far-cry-from-kosovo/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 22/02/08):</p>
<p>Shieh Jhy-wey is Taiwan&#8217;s minister of information. He is also a 53-year-old <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/davidonformosa/2264820358/in/pool-taipei">rap star</a> with several hits to his name, a cool line in designer specs, and an avid female following.</p>
<p>Asked during an interview in Taipei about next month&#8217;s presidential election &#8211; and a planned simultaneous referendum on whether Taiwan should apply for UN membership &#8211; Shieh dispensed with pro forma answers.</p>
<p>Instead he rose to his feet, dropped a shoulder, extended his arms to a startled audience of two, and launched into a quasi-tuneful rap song of his own making.</p>
<p>The printed word cannot do justice to what followed. But Shieh&#8217;s message was unmistakable: Taiwan&#8217;s voters should back the UN proposal &#8211; which China believes is a blatant bid by its &#8220;renegade province&#8221; legally to assert its independence.</p>
<p>&#8220;<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_Cj06NS_1E">UN for Taiwan</a>. Taiwan number one&#8221;, chorused the minister again and again, tapping his feet and shaking his head. The song is available as a CD. Maybe it sounds better with backing singers.</p>
<p>Shieh&#8217;s super-cool crooning in support of the UN vote and the Democratic Progressive party&#8217;s (DPP) presidential candidate, Frank Hsieh, is catchy to some ears &#8211; but may still end in tears.</p>
<p>Polls suggest the rival Nationalist party, or Kuomintang (KMT), is set to follow its landslide parliamentary election victory last month with a return to the presidential palace.</p>
<p>A charm offensive by the telegenic KMT candidate, the former Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou, has earned him an estimated 10-point lead. Ma is promising better relations with China after eight years of tense sparring between Beijing and Taiwan&#8217;s retiring DPP president, Chen Shui-bian.</p>
<p>DPP stalwarts dismiss Ma as a milksop. But although Hsieh says he too will improve cross-straits ties, many Taiwanese appear to believe the Nationalists have a better chance of conciliating the old enemy.</p>
<p>Opponents say the prospect of a clean sweep for the KMT, and a resulting bigger say for China in the island&#8217;s affairs, is deeply worrying. They warn Taiwan&#8217;s hard-won democratic freedoms, secured in 1996 after decades of KMT-led martial law, could be fatally compromised &#8211; and that politically, economically and diplomatically, China is inexorably winning its battle to &#8220;recover&#8221; Taiwan.</p>
<p>&#8220;The public must elect a [president] who is capable, loves Taiwan and is determined to protect the country&#8217;s sovereignty,&#8221; DPP vice-presidential candidate Su Tseng-chang said this week. &#8220;We are calling on voters to help preserve democratic politics.&#8221;</p>
<p>Hsiao Bi-khim, DPP campaign manager and former MP, said the election could be a turning point. &#8220;We are worried about all the institutions of state, including the presidency and the judiciary, being monopolised by a single, unreformed party.&#8221;</p>
<p>As US regional influence weakened, China&#8217;s leverage over Taiwan&#8217;s affairs was steadily growing, she said. With the Olympic games approaching, China had halted overt military threats. But Beijing was increasingly successful in denying the island &#8220;international space&#8221; by blocking its membership of organisations such as the World Health Organisation and the UN.</p>
<p>In a week when Washington recognised Kosovo&#8217;s independence, Hsiao suggested it was particularly galling for pro-western, democratic Taiwan, the world&#8217;s 20th-largest economy with a human rights record far superior to Beijing&#8217;s, to be told by the US and Britain not to &#8220;provoke&#8221; China by holding a UN membership referendum.</p>
<p>KMT supporters say fears of a Chinese backdoor takeover are wildly exaggerated. Lin Bih-jaw, chairman of the Prospect Foundation, said Ma has no intention of kowtowing to Beijing if he wins. The DPP was losing the race because of Chen&#8217;s mistakes, he said, and because most Taiwanese, worried about economic issues, wanted improved trade and other ties with the mainland.</p>
<p>Guo Jiann-jong, of the independent Taiwan Thinktank, said the country&#8217;s growing economic dependence on China was inescapable. About 40% of all exports now went to China and investment in the mainland represented a &#8220;dangerously high&#8221; 2.65% of Taiwan&#8217;s total GDP. An estimated 1 million Taiwanese live or work in China.</p>
<p>But economic cooperation was not bringing political progress, Guo said. &#8220;China is deliberately encouraging Taiwan to be dependent. Maybe China does not want a political understanding. Maybe it wants control.&#8221;</p>
<p>Back at the information ministry, Shieh is no longer jigging about and has returned to his chair. But he continues to wax lyrical about Taiwan&#8217;s right to UN membership.</p>
<p>&#8220;The problem is not Taiwan; the problem is China,&#8221; he said. Taiwan is a beacon of light not only for China but all of Asia. We have proved that democracy can work in a Chinese culture.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;If there was no military threat [from China], everyone would want Taiwan to be a separate, sovereign, free and democratic nation and a good friend to China. We just want to be treated fairly by the rest of the world.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>Redder than the real thing</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18290/redder-than-the-real-thing/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18290/redder-than-the-real-thing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 11:28:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=18290</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ian Williams</strong>, the Nation&#8217;s UN correspondent (THE GUARDIAN, 03/01/08):</p>
<p>The leaders of China move into 2008 in celebratory mood in anticipation of this summer&#8217;s Olympics &#8211; the culmination of two decades of unprecedented growth. The scale of that economic achievement has blunted criticism of the democracy deficit that is in inverse proportion to the payment surplus. But it is legitimate to ask how the &#8220;people&#8221; are doing in the people&#8217;s republic. China&#8217;s disparities of wealth and power are now greater than anywhere else in the world, even though most of its trading partners are prepared to shrug off &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/18290/redder-than-the-real-thing/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Ian Williams</strong>, the Nation&#8217;s UN correspondent (THE GUARDIAN, 03/01/08):</p>
<p>The leaders of China move into 2008 in celebratory mood in anticipation of this summer&#8217;s Olympics &#8211; the culmination of two decades of unprecedented growth. The scale of that economic achievement has blunted criticism of the democracy deficit that is in inverse proportion to the payment surplus. But it is legitimate to ask how the &#8220;people&#8221; are doing in the people&#8217;s republic. China&#8217;s disparities of wealth and power are now greater than anywhere else in the world, even though most of its trading partners are prepared to shrug off the poverty and lack of democracy as the inescapable cost of growth or of some mystic Confucian cultural trait.</p>
<p>Ironically, across the straits, Taiwan shows that it is possible to combine prosperity and democracy, and indeed practice socialism &#8211; or at least European style social democracy &#8211; in a Chinese culture. Indeed we know it must be so, since Condoleezza Rice has just criticized Taiwan for wanting to hold a democratic referendum on its own future.</p>
<p>This is a turnaround. For years, based on a traditional reflexive anti-communism, American rightists were vociferous supporters of Taiwan. Needless to say, a paleo-conservative such as John Bolton speaking on Taiwan&#8217;s behalf does not really do much to win support for the island from the left, many of whom already suffer from a historical hangover based on their former support for the mainland&#8217;s claims for international recognition against Chiang Kai-shek&#8217;s defeated rump &#8220;Republic of China&#8221;, which had fled to the island.</p>
<p>One has to wonder whether Bolton knows that Taiwan is more like one of the European social democracies that he and his conservative friends hate so much. Chiang has long gone and Taiwan is far more socialist in every real sense than the alleged &#8220;people&#8217;s&#8221; republic, whose people get shot for joining unions, organising strikes, or voicing opinions their government does not like.</p>
<p>With universal literacy, Taiwan has a vigorous and demanding media, free of the censorship and imprisonment that greets the unauthorised disclosure of information on the mainland. It is introducing a national pension scheme, even as Bolton&#8217;s pals keep struggling to dismantle the US&#8217;s social security system. It has unemployment insurance and social welfare programmes with none of the draconian welfare-for-work measures that Bill Clinton introduced under conservative pressure.</p>
<p>To be fair, many on the left are just as hidebound as Bolton. In the old days, leftists of the kind that could overlook purges, gulags, mass famines and bullets in skulls could point to China&#8217;s advances in literacy, healthcare and the &#8220;iron rice bowl&#8221; guaranteed for workers as &#8220;actually existing socialism&#8221;.</p>
<p>To maintain that illusion, they now have to close their eyes not only to the lack of democracy and human rights in mainland China, but to the disappearance of medical services and social welfare programmes under the new post-Mao regime. Indeed, the untold millions of migratory workers whose muscles are fuelling Chinese economic expansion do not have the most elementary rights, not even the assured right to live in the cities in which they toil.</p>
<p>Whatever passed for &#8220;socialist&#8221; in the Chinese Communist party agenda has been thrown overboard, to be replaced by a nationalist and militarist doctrine threatening to &#8220;reunify&#8221; Taiwan by force &#8211; whether its people like it or not.</p>
<p>In fact, the Taiwanese clearly do not want it, as repeated elections have shown. In Taiwan, not only is Chiang dead, his old party introduced free elections, and lost them.</p>
<p>Democratic socialists and supporters of democracy should support Taiwan in its bid for (social) democratic expression, free of the peculiar cocktail of unfettered capitalism and Beria-like political repression of the mainland. Certainly in the old Labour party sense, Taiwan is much redder than China &#8211; indeed, in terms of income distribution, its record is better than New Labour&#8217;s.</p>
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		<title>Strait fight</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/17594/strait-fight/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/17594/strait-fight/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2007 22:47:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=17594</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>Bt <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 13/11/07):</p>
<p>As the US increasingly looks to China for help in tackling problem issues such as <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,2209956,00.html">Iran</a>, Burma and Darfur, concern is growing in Taiwan that its sole international protector may be dropping its guard. The de facto independence of the island, viewed by Beijing as a <a href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iX9Sfsy2sJ_iRqWLTVc6Iqw5eXEA">renegade province</a>, depends in the last resort on US defensive guarantees and arms supplies. Yet despite expanded collaboration with Washington in other areas, China remains engaged in a rapid military build-up along the Taiwan Strait.</p>
<p>According to Taiwan&#8217;s president, Chen Shui-ban, China now has 988 missiles &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/17594/strait-fight/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bt <strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE GUARDIAN, 13/11/07):</p>
<p>As the US increasingly looks to China for help in tackling problem issues such as <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,2209956,00.html">Iran</a>, Burma and Darfur, concern is growing in Taiwan that its sole international protector may be dropping its guard. The de facto independence of the island, viewed by Beijing as a <a href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iX9Sfsy2sJ_iRqWLTVc6Iqw5eXEA">renegade province</a>, depends in the last resort on US defensive guarantees and arms supplies. Yet despite expanded collaboration with Washington in other areas, China remains engaged in a rapid military build-up along the Taiwan Strait.</p>
<p>According to Taiwan&#8217;s president, Chen Shui-ban, China now has 988 missiles aimed at <a href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news_live/1173780013.36/?searchterm=None">Taiwanese targets</a> and is continually adding to its arsenal. Chen, who strongly opposes unification and Beijing&#8217;s &#8220;one China&#8221; mantra, recently described China as a threat to regional peace and said it was preparing to take the island by force by 2015. Last month, China said it had deployed a high-performance radar system designed to complement its surface-to-air missiles and jet fighter interceptors.</p>
<p>Robert Gates, the US defence secretary, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/05/world/asia/05gates.html">questioned</a> the build-up, which China describes as modernisation, during a visit to Beijing last week. The two sides agreed to create a military hotline to help defuse future crises. But Gates&#8217;s overriding stated priority was securing China&#8217;s backing for steps to curb Iran&#8217;s nuclear activities &#8211; and stemming the sale of Chinese arms to Tehran that end up in the hands of Iraqi and Afghan insurgents. On Taiwan, he merely reiterated Washington&#8217;s formulaic support for maintaining the status quo.</p>
<p>While the US frequently encourages Taiwan to buy new and second-hand US weaponry to be better able to defend itself, it has criticised Taipei&#8217;s indigenous development of the long-range &#8220;Hsiung Feng&#8217; cruise missile, which it (and China) views as an offensive weapon. Chen was recently obliged to pledge to &#8220;consult&#8221; Washington before firing the missiles. US fears about fuelling cross-strait tensions, stoked by Beijing, also appear to have delayed Taiwan&#8217;s purchase of 66 state-of-the-art, US-made F16 fighters.</p>
<p>Taiwanese officials say China has become adept at manipulating the Bush administration. &#8220;They are under pressure from China. China is very clever. If they want to do something on Taiwan, they call the White House and tell the Americans that Taiwan is rocking the boat. Then the US government puts pressure on us,&#8221; a senior official said.</p>
<p>&#8220;We tell the Americans they should deal directly with us, they should take our national interest into consideration. But of course we are afraid about the growing cooperation between the US and China. It is a problem for us. It is definitely squeezing Taiwan.&#8221;</p>
<p>Political factors are also straining Taipei-Washington ties as Taiwan moves towards next year&#8217;s contentious legislative and presidential elections, in January and March respectively. Chen, who is standing down after two terms, is determined to hold a national referendum before he goes on changing the country&#8217;s official name &#8211; Republic of China &#8211; to the more familiar Taiwan. The plan is then to apply for UN membership (it is currently excluded) under the new name &#8211; thereby raising &#8220;global awareness&#8221; of the Taiwan issue.</p>
<p>Poll watchers say the referendum proposal, opposed by the opposition Kuomintang (KMT) but backed the ruling Democratic Progressive party (DPP) and 3 million signatures, is likely to pass as matters stand now. That prospect infuriates China, which rightly sees the vote as a ploy to emphasise Taiwan&#8217;s separateness, and alarms the risk-averse US.</p>
<p>&#8220;The referendum is unnecessary and unhelpful,&#8221; Stephen Young, Washington&#8217;s unofficial &#8220;ambassador&#8221; to Taipei, said last week. Although the US would not impose sanctions &#8220;there will be a price to pay in mutual trust&#8221;, he added. Chen justified the name-change plan. &#8220;The UN referendum is saying &#8216;no&#8217; to China&#8217;s threat &#8230; It is not a referendum that moves towards independence but one that rejects unification.&#8221;</p>
<p>To shared consternation in Washington and Beijing, Taiwan&#8217;s future relations with the mainland are emerging as the key election issue, ahead of economic and welfare issues. While the DPP&#8217;s presidential candidate, Frank Hsieh, generally favours measures to strengthen Taiwan&#8217;s separate identity, Ma Ying-jeou, his KMT rival, says he would seek a peace treaty with China and deepen investment, trade and transport links. For his pains, Ma has been accused of lack of patriotism.</p>
<p>In a sign of how deep political divisions run, Taiwan and China have even fallen out over next year&#8217;s Beijing Olympics. Months of wrangling over the route of the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,,2066800,00.html">Olympic torch relay</a> ended in stalemate in September, and it will not now pass <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,,2174496,00.html">through Taiwan</a>. Instead the DPP launched its own torch processions, highlighting both the UN membership bid &#8211; and the bitter gulf between the two sides.</p>
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		<title>Insulting and dangerous</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/16724/insulting-and-dangerous/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/16724/insulting-and-dangerous/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Sep 2007 21:13:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ONU - OTAN]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=16724</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>James Huang</strong>, Taiwan&#8217;s minister of foreign affairs (THE GUARDIAN, 03/09/07):</p>
<p>A little over a month ago Taiwan&#8217;s president, Chen Shui-bian, submitted a fresh application for the country&#8217;s admission to the United Nations. Within days, the UN secretariat answered the request with an outright rejection.This is now the 15th year in a row that Taiwan has been denied participation in this august global body, an organisation that has pledged to be &#8220;open to all &#8230; peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained&#8221; in the UN charter.</p>
<p>For many peoples and nations around the world, Taiwan has been an active &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/16724/insulting-and-dangerous/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>James Huang</strong>, Taiwan&#8217;s minister of foreign affairs (THE GUARDIAN, 03/09/07):</p>
<p>A little over a month ago Taiwan&#8217;s president, Chen Shui-bian, submitted a fresh application for the country&#8217;s admission to the United Nations. Within days, the UN secretariat answered the request with an outright rejection.This is now the 15th year in a row that Taiwan has been denied participation in this august global body, an organisation that has pledged to be &#8220;open to all &#8230; peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained&#8221; in the UN charter.</p>
<p>For many peoples and nations around the world, Taiwan has been an active and willing diplomatic and trading partner. It is the world&#8217;s 18th-largest economy and the European Union&#8217;s 10th-largest trading partner, and is well known as a vibrant and liberal democracy. In a rational world it would no doubt be a valuable and indispensable member of this international society. Yet the reality is that it has long been blocked from the UN.</p>
<p>This year Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary general, took it upon himself to determine that Taiwan&#8217;s letter of application &#8220;could not be received&#8221;, despite the fact that it was not his decision to make. The United Nations charter and rules grant only the security council and the general assembly the authority to decide on the admission of new members. By returning Taiwan&#8217;s application letter as he did, the secretary general plainly overstepped the boundaries of his power.</p>
<p>The secretary general defended his decision by citing UN general assembly resolution 2758; he said that this resolution asserts that Taiwan is a part of the People&#8217;s Republic of China. However, this interpretation is not only improper, but false and dangerous.</p>
<p>It is improper because resolution 2758 does not mention anything about Taiwan &#8211; the word &#8220;Taiwan&#8221; simply does not appear &#8211; let alone Taiwan&#8217;s representation in the UN or the statement that &#8220;Taiwan is a part of China&#8221;. The fact is that Ban Ki-moon is not empowered to exercise this kind of discretion to review or screen UN membership applications based on his own interpretation.</p>
<p>His interpretation is false because it ignores and contradicts the widely recognised fact that Taiwan is a free and independent country that has never been under the rule of the People&#8217;s Republic of China.</p>
<p>And his interpretation is dangerous because it provides China with a convenient rationale to arbitrarily alter the status quo of Taiwan without the consent of the Taiwanese people.</p>
<p>It is a shared aspiration of the vast majority of the 23 million people of Taiwan to join the United Nations. A recent poll showed that 77% of the Taiwanese people support Taiwan&#8217;s bid to join the body. They are eager to break away from the international isolation that has been imposed on them for decades.</p>
<p>The UN secretary general&#8217;s &#8220;decision&#8221; on Taiwan&#8217;s application is tantamount to placing an international political apartheid on this beautiful island nation. It is an insult to a people who have been committed to advancing the course of democracy and striving for a dignified way of living. There is absolutely no defensible justification for continuing to deny the Taiwanese people the right to participate in and make a valuable contribution to the global community.</p>
<p>As such, the United Nations should grant due respect to the will of the Taiwanese people by processing Taiwan&#8217;s application in accordance with relevant rules and process. We urge the UN to pull down the wall of political apartheid against Taiwan.</p>
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		<title>The Shunning Of a State</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/15446/the-shunning-of-a-state/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2007 20:37:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=15446</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Chen Shui-bian</strong>, president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (THE WASHINGTON POST, 11/05/07):</p>
<p>In recent years the outbreak and spread of avian flu has brought illness, death and economic peril to countries in Asia and elsewhere. Memories of the fear, pain and suffering that accompanied the 2003 SARS outbreak &#8212; after failed coverups by the Chinese government &#8212; are still vivid in many places. While disease heeds no national borders, Taiwan has had to fight pandemics without help from the World Health Organization &#8212; a humanitarian agency that is supposed to serve all humankind.</p>
<p>Taiwan is not a &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/15446/the-shunning-of-a-state/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By <strong>Chen Shui-bian</strong>, president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (THE WASHINGTON POST, 11/05/07):</p>
<p>In recent years the outbreak and spread of avian flu has brought illness, death and economic peril to countries in Asia and elsewhere. Memories of the fear, pain and suffering that accompanied the 2003 SARS outbreak &#8212; after failed coverups by the Chinese government &#8212; are still vivid in many places. While disease heeds no national borders, Taiwan has had to fight pandemics without help from the World Health Organization &#8212; a humanitarian agency that is supposed to serve all humankind.</p>
<p>Taiwan is not a member of the WHO, nor is it an observer at the World Health Assembly (WHA) &#8212; unlike the Palestinian Authority or the Malta Order of Chivalry. But under mounting international pressure prompted by fear of an avian flu pandemic, China was persuaded in 2005 to consent, in principle, to Taiwan&#8217;s meaningful participation in WHO conferences focusing on that threat. China conceded after demanding that the WHO secretariat sign a secret memorandum of understanding. As a result, Taiwan&#8217;s participation in the WHO is subject to China&#8217;s approval, even for technical meetings. Such participation is minimal rather than meaningful.</p>
<p>It is improper and unprecedented for an international humanitarian organization to enter into a secret pact with one of its member states, especially an authoritarian one. More important, the memorandum has been used to obstruct Taiwan&#8217;s participation in WHO activities. Our representatives were unable to attend the majority of conferences they sought admission to last year. The WHO secretariat has effectively jeopardized the health of people in Taiwan and other countries.</p>
<p>For a decade, we have striven relentlessly to participate in the WHO, to no avail. Even our humble pursuit of &#8220;meaningful participation&#8221; has yielded little success. With 95 percent of the Taiwanese people supporting full WHO membership, I must act upon the will of my people as a democratically elected president.</p>
<p>On April 11, I sent a letter to the WHO formally requesting our nation&#8217;s application for membership under the name &#8220;Taiwan.&#8221; The secretariat responded on April 25, claiming that Taiwan is not a sovereign state and therefore is not eligible for WHO membership. This is legally and morally deplorable.</p>
<p>Article 3 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization stipulates: &#8220;Membership in the Organization shall be open to all States,&#8221; while Article 6 provides that states such as Taiwan that are not members of the United Nations &#8220;may apply to become Members and shall be admitted as Members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the Health Assembly.&#8221; Rule 115 of the WHA Rules of Procedure stipulates that &#8220;Applications made by a State for admission to membership . . . shall . . . be addressed to the Director-General and shall be transmitted immediately&#8221; to WHO members.</p>
<p>Clearly, the authority to determine whether Taiwan is eligible for admission to the WHO belongs to its members, many of which have diplomatic relations with Taiwan and cannot be co-opted by any individual or administrative office.</p>
<p>When East Germany applied for WHO membership in 1968, many questioned its sovereignty and the legitimacy of its government. But East Germany&#8217;s application was circulated, and although it was voted down that year, it was approved in 1973.</p>
<p>Taiwan, formally known as the Republic of China, is indisputably a sovereign state, satisfying all of the criteria cited in Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on the Duties and Obligations of States: It has a permanent population, a defined territory, a functional government and the capacity to conduct relations with other states. It also has its own internationally traded currency and issues its own passport, honored by virtually all other nations.</p>
<p>Another broadly affirmed criterion for recognizing the legitimacy of a state is the principle, enunciated in the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that the sovereignty a state exercises should be based on the will of the people. A truly &#8220;sovereign&#8221; state, in other words, is free and democratic. We find no better words to describe Taiwan.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the question of Taiwan&#8217;s participation in the WHO is a moral one. The systematic shunning of Taiwan is unconscionable not only because it compromises the health of our 23 million people but also because it denies the world the benefit of our abundant public health and technical resources. Taiwan&#8217;s public and private sectors have donated more than $450 million in medical and humanitarian aid to more than 90 countries over the past 10 years.</p>
<p>We in Taiwan are grateful that many governments and legislative bodies such as the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament have supported our bid for observer status in the WHA. As humankind seeks to control global pandemics, victory will require collaboration that is not restricted by political obfuscation or subject to discriminatory picking and choosing of participants. We must not allow an all-but-one scenario to undermine our common mission &#8212; health for all.</p>
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		<title>Taiwan talks are not business as usual</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4184/taiwan-talks-are-not-business-as-usual/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4184/taiwan-talks-are-not-business-as-usual/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Feb 2006 20:08:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=4184</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE  				GUARDIAN, 13/02/06):</p>
<p>The British government is mostly ignoring Ma Ying-jeou&#8217;s visit to London. As mayor of Taipei, Taiwan&#8217;s capital, Mr Ma is officially on a trip to encourage business and investment. The trade minister, Ian Pearson, had agreed to meet Mr Ma purely &#8220;in his capacity as trade minister&#8221;, a Foreign Office spokeswoman said. There would be no discussions of a political nature.</p>
<p>Such delicacy is understandable. For in his other, more important, public capacity, Mr Ma is chairman of Taiwan&#8217;s Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese nationalist party, and linear heir to Chiang Kai-shek, who fought and lost &#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4184/taiwan-talks-are-not-business-as-usual/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Simon Tisdall</strong> (THE  				GUARDIAN, 13/02/06):</p>
<p>The British government is mostly ignoring Ma Ying-jeou&#8217;s visit to London. As mayor of Taipei, Taiwan&#8217;s capital, Mr Ma is officially on a trip to encourage business and investment. The trade minister, Ian Pearson, had agreed to meet Mr Ma purely &#8220;in his capacity as trade minister&#8221;, a Foreign Office spokeswoman said. There would be no discussions of a political nature.</p>
<p>Such delicacy is understandable. For in his other, more important, public capacity, Mr Ma is chairman of Taiwan&#8217;s Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese nationalist party, and linear heir to Chiang Kai-shek, who fought and lost to China&#8217;s mainland communists in 1949.</p>
<p>Taiwan has rejected Beijing&#8217;s claims to sovereignty over the island ever since. Mr Ma is leader of the opposition to President Chen Shui-bian and is tipped to replace him in elections due in 2008. That makes him a very political figure indeed.</p>
<p>Like the US and most other countries, Britain does not have diplomatic ties with Taiwan, although it maintains business and cultural links. It says it supports a peaceful solution based on dialogue.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, largely in deference to Beijing, Taiwan continues officially not to exist as a separate political entity.</p>
<p>But Taiwan has influential friends who worry that China, which created an &#8220;anti-secession law&#8221; last year and is pursuing a military build-up, may use force one day to regain its so-called renegade province.</p>
<p>Mr Ma is meeting some of them in London, including members of the all-party parliamentary Britain-Taiwan group. He will also spell out his views on cross-straits relations in an LSE lecture and during visits to other European countries.</p>
<p>In an article this week, Mr Ma cast himself as a pragmatist in contrast to the pro-independence Mr Chen, who he accused of &#8220;rocking the boat&#8221; in regional waters.</p>
<p>&#8220;Neither unification nor independence is likely for the foreseeable future and therefore the status quo should be maintained,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>He warned that Taiwan must stay on its guard. &#8220;While it seeks to defuse tensions &#8230; Taiwan should also demonstrate its determination to protect itself by maintaining adequate defensive capabilities.&#8221;</p>
<p>That assertion may strike Mr Chen&#8217;s Democratic Progressive party as ironic, given the KMT&#8217;s long-running parliamentary obstruction of a proposed multimillion-dollar US arms package.</p>
<p>Taiwanese sources suggested that high-level fence-mending visits by KMT leaders to the mainland last year, in defiance of government policy, also raised questions about the party&#8217;s commitment to the status quo.</p>
<p>Mr Ma&#8217;s control of the KMT is not total. But his domestic manoeuvring and foreign travels threaten to push Mr Chen into a corner and further polarise domestic opinion.</p>
<p>Beset by falling poll ratings and setbacks in local elections, the Taiwanese president&#8217;s stance on China has notably hardened.</p>
<p>Mr Chen proposed, in speeches last month, abolishing long-standing unification guidelines and seeking UN membership as the &#8220;Republic of Taiwan&#8221;. And he highlighted the dangers of becoming economically &#8220;locked in&#8221; with China.</p>
<p>&#8220;The ultimate decision on Taiwan&#8217;s future must and will be made by the 23 million people of Taiwan of their own free will,&#8221; he said. It was imperative to consolidate Taiwan&#8217;s national identity, national security and national interests.</p>
<p>Worryingly for the government, Mr Chen&#8217;s demarche brought a sharp reaction not only from Mr Ma&#8217;s KMT but also from mainland China and the US.</p>
<p>&#8216;This again shows that he is a troublemaker and saboteur &#8230; of Asian-Pacific stability,&#8221; Li Weiyi, a spokesman for China&#8217;s Taiwan Affairs Office, said on Wednesday.</p>
<p>The US complained it had not been consulted. Washington &#8220;does not support Taiwan&#8217;s independence&#8221;, the state department reiterated.</p>
<p>The American rebuke will underscore Taiwanese worries that as China&#8217;s power grows, long-held assumptions that, in extremis, the US would support the island militarily may no longer hold true.</p>
<p>Taiwan must accept it is on its own, General Hu Chen-pu, a senior defence ministry official, told the Taipei Times last week.</p>
<p>He said: &#8220;The US has never promised to come to Taiwan&#8217;s aid &#8230; [and] we can never be sure it would render us assistance.&#8221;</p>
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		<title>¿Se dirigen China y EEUU hacia un conflicto bélico por Taiwán?</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4720/%c2%bfse-dirigen-china-y-eeuu-hacia-un-conflicto-belico-por-taiwan/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2005 18:28:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/?p=4720</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2005/reflexion/reflexion_0618.pdf" target="_blank">¿Se dirigen China y EEUU hacia un conflicto bélico por Taiwán?</a> <strong>Soeren Kern</strong>, Investigador  				principal, Estados Unidos y Diálogo Trasatlántico, Real Instituto Elcano (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 04/04/05).&#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4720/%c2%bfse-dirigen-china-y-eeuu-hacia-un-conflicto-belico-por-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2005/reflexion/reflexion_0618.pdf" target="_blank">¿Se dirigen China y EEUU hacia un conflicto bélico por Taiwán?</a> <strong>Soeren Kern</strong>, Investigador  				principal, Estados Unidos y Diálogo Trasatlántico, Real Instituto Elcano (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 04/04/05).</p>
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		<title>Las relaciones entre China y Taiwán: tendencias y propuestas</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4185/las-relaciones-entre-china-y-taiwan-tendencias-y-propuestas/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Feb 2005 20:09:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2005/int/int_0878.pdf">Las relaciones entre China y Taiwán: tendencias y propuestas</a>. <strong>Mario Esteban</strong>, Profesor ayudante doctor y miembro del  				Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 18/02/05).&#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4185/las-relaciones-entre-china-y-taiwan-tendencias-y-propuestas/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2005/int/int_0878.pdf">Las relaciones entre China y Taiwán: tendencias y propuestas</a>. <strong>Mario Esteban</strong>, Profesor ayudante doctor y miembro del  				Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (REAL INSTITUTO ELCANO, 18/02/05).</p>
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		<title>Elecciones y disparos en Taiwan</title>
		<link>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4186/elecciones-y-disparos-en-taiwan/</link>
		<comments>http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4186/elecciones-y-disparos-en-taiwan/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Mar 2004 20:12:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>José Moliné Escalona</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Taiwán]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2004/int/int_0374.pdf">Elecciones y disparos en Taiwan</a>. <strong>Taciana Fisac</strong> es directora del Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental de la Universidad  				Autónoma de Madrid y <strong>Mario Esteban</strong> es investigador de Ciencias Sociales en la Universidad de Pekín (EL PAIS, 23/03/04).&#8230; <a href="http://www.almendron.com/tribuna/4186/elecciones-y-disparos-en-taiwan/" class="read_more">Seguir leyendo</a></p>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.almendron.com/politica/pdf/2004/int/int_0374.pdf">Elecciones y disparos en Taiwan</a>. <strong>Taciana Fisac</strong> es directora del Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental de la Universidad  				Autónoma de Madrid y <strong>Mario Esteban</strong> es investigador de Ciencias Sociales en la Universidad de Pekín (EL PAIS, 23/03/04).</p>
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