Michael Byers

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No country will ever “own” the North Pole, which is located roughly 400 miles to the north of any land. The central Arctic Ocean belongs to humanity; its challenges are the responsibility of all nations. Those challenges — of life-threatening accidents, oil spills and over-fishing — are increasing as the sea-ice melts and ships of all kinds gain access.

The 1959 Antarctic Treaty is sometimes advanced as a model for Arctic governance. But the Antarctic Treaty was concluded before nations had developed vested interests there.

The Arctic has already seen more activity than the Antarctic. Fully 20 percent of Russia’s G.D.P.…  Seguir leyendo »

Astronomers announced last month that, contrary to previous assumptions, the orbiting body Eris might be smaller than Pluto after all. Since it was the discovery in 2005 of Eris, an object seemingly larger than what had been considered our smallest planet, that precipitated the downgrading of Pluto from full planet to “dwarf”, some think it may be time to revisit Pluto’s status.

Most of us can’t help rooting for Pluto. We liked the idea of a ninth planet, hanging out there like a period at the end of the gorgeous sentence of the solar system. It gave us a sense of completeness.…  Seguir leyendo »