Colombia

The new US Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) , headed by Elon Musk, has launched an audit of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), whose funding is currently frozen. Many components of the peace process in Colombia could be seriously affected. Photo: © Oliver Contreras / AFP

Just days before Donald Trump’s second inauguration as the president of the United States, the National Liberation Army (ELN), Colombia’s last “historic” leftist guerrilla group, launched an offensive in the region of Catatumbo, bordering Venezuela. Although the worst of the violence seems to have tapered off in February, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) audit and funding freeze -and the related social media conflicts between Trump and President of Colombia Gustavo Petro over tariffs and migrants deportation flights- have forced many in Colombia’s peacebuilding sector to rethink their strategies and expectations for U.S. engagement.

This USAID audit, led by the new U.S.…  Seguir leyendo »

Guerrilla fighters from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) are preparing to be demobilized in December 2016, just after the signing of a peace agreement that guarantees that the vast majority of them will not be tried before the special tribunal set up by the peace accord, in exchange for their contribution to truth and reparations. Photo: © Raul Arboleda / STR / AFP

The 2016 Peace Agreement between the Government of Colombia and the FARC guerrilla recognized previous institutional developments, including the multiple transitional justice mechanisms. An example of this is that the transitional justice system that was agreed upon is based on lessons learned from the past that led to the adoption of a model that, through the joint action of different entities, sought to better satisfy the rights of victims. This also took into account that the massive nature of human rights violations required not only judicial, but also extrajudicial and administrative measures in order to maximize the response to the victims.…  Seguir leyendo »

Dissidents of the FARC, a demobilized leftist guerrilla group, at a base camp in the Pacific jungle, Colombia July 2024. Daniel Becerril / Reuters

On the morning of September 17, soldiers in a remote base in Puerto Jordán, Arauca, along Colombia’s border with Venezuela, were moving through a quiet Thursday routine when a large truck passed by on the highway. Militants from the 6,000-strong leftist guerrilla movement National Liberation Army (ELN) riding inside hurled improvised explosives into the base. Loud explosions collapsed the roof of a building, sending glass shattering and leaving the floor splattered with blood. Seven soldiers were badly wounded, two of whom died.

The attack was the latest in a series of recent ELN assaults on troops, pipelines, and infrastructure—and the last straw that finally broke the ongoing peace talks the group had been conducting with the Colombian government.…  Seguir leyendo »

The supply of expert evidence can be large, diverse and competitive in trials such as the one against the Chiquita banana company, but it is these experts who often shape the verdict of the courts. Photo: © Mike Mozart

As explained in a previous article, the recent Chiquita trial has once again shed some light on the complexities of holding corporations accountable for their involvement in human rights abuses, particularly in conflict zones and transitional justice contexts. While the trial itself gained significant attention due to its landmark verdict, the issues it raises are part of a broader, global, and highly technical challenge: proving corporate complicity in contexts of armed conflict and rampant human rights violations through expert testimonies in legal proceedings. Such cases highlight the difficult task of establishing causal links between corporate actions and the atrocities committed, a challenge that resonates beyond the courtroom.…  Seguir leyendo »

Members of Colombian paramilitary organisations on patrol in Medellin in 2002, shortly before their demobilisation and the numerous revelations about their crimes. Photo : © Fernando Vergara / AFP

On June 10, 2024, a jury in Florida, USA, delivered a landmark ruling in the fight for justice for the crimes committed during Colombia’s armed conflict, holding Chiquita Brands International liable for 38 million dollars in damages. The verdict found that Chiquita, the multinational and internationally renowned banana company, failed to act as “a reasonable business person” and provided substantial assistance to the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC, for its Spanish acronym), a paramilitary organization designated as a terrorist group by the United States. This financing, carried out for profit, contributed to a wave of crimes and human rights violations, including the murder of hundreds of civilians.…  Seguir leyendo »

How to Talk to Colombia’s Largest Criminal Group

In late December 2023, Colombia’s largest armed group began to overrun Briceño, a village in the Andes. Residents later told me that the militants carried latest-issue weapons and called themselves the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces. Briceño’s inhabitants said the camouflaged fighters gathered them with a simple message: “We’re in charge now”.

For years, this scene has taken place in towns across Colombia, as the Gaitanistas, an illegal organization that oversees a majority of the country’s drug shipments and migrant trafficking through the Darién Gap, has become one of the most powerful organized criminal groups in South America.

In December 2022, President Gustavo Petro announced cease-fires with five armed groups, including the Gaitanistas, with a goal of opening peace talks.…  Seguir leyendo »

The Human Cost of Your Breakfast Banana

Although several El Espectador journalists were killed in the 1980s and ’90s, many young reporters aspired to being on the staff of the storied Colombian newspaper at the end of the 20th century. I loved working there, despite the risks. After the Medellín Cartel bombed our headquarters, my colleagues and I rescued from the rubble the desk on which Gabriel García Márquez wrote his first stories for the paper.

We dreamed that an invisible Mr. García Márquez, from that empty desk, urged us to pursue stories that would expose injustice in Colombia. In 1998, when The Cincinnati Enquirer reported that the American banana company Chiquita Brands had bribed Colombian officials to obtain a license for the use of a port loading facility in Turbo, Urabá, a city on Colombia’s coast, I began investigating the firm as if Mr.…  Seguir leyendo »

El precio humano de comer un banano en el desayuno

Aunque varios periodistas de El Espectador fueron asesinados en las décadas de 1980 y 1990, muchos jóvenes reporteros aspiraban a formar parte de la plantilla del histórico periódico colombiano de finales del siglo XX. Me encantaba trabajar allí, a pesar de los riesgos. Después de que el Cartel de Medellín bombardeara nuestra sede, mis colegas y yo rescatamos de entre los escombros el escritorio en el que Gabriel García Márquez escribió sus primeras historias para el periódico.

Soñábamos que un García Márquez invisible, desde aquel escritorio vacío, nos instaba a seguir escribiendo historias que sacaran a la luz la injusticia en Colombia.…  Seguir leyendo »

Liderazgo climático desde el sur global

El mes pasado, se celebró en París la reunión ministerial de la Agencia Internacional de la Energía, y en Adís Abeba tuvo lugar la cumbre anual de la Unión Africana (que hace poco se unió al G20). En ambos foros se reconoció la necesidad urgente de cumplir los compromisos formulados el pasado diciembre durante la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP28) en Dubái, en particular el de triplicar la capacidad de generación de energía a partir de fuentes renovables de aquí a 2030. Pero hay importantes desafíos por delante.

En la COP28 se identificaron muchas acciones que son cruciales para el logro de la neutralidad de carbono en 2050.…  Seguir leyendo »

FARC officials at the signing of part of the peace agreement, in December 2015 in Cuba. Colombian judiciary now seems under pressure to implement a sanctions regime more lenient than considered in the agreement. Photo : © Adalberto Roque / AFP

Demobilized former top commanders of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrillas recently criticized publicly the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP), the judicial branch of the country’s transitional justice system, claiming that judges were departing from the 2016 peace accord.

Among other critiques listed in two letters sent to President Gustavo Petro and former FARC members between February 7th and 19th, the former commanders raised seemingly preemptive concerns about the “sanctions” that the Special Jurisdiction has yet to impose. Putting in place these sanctions, that is, the penalties that will attach to individual admissions of responsibility, will be a critical test for the credibility of the transitional court system.…  Seguir leyendo »

En los últimos años el tema que se ha dado en llamar «la descolonización», vinculado al mundo de la cultura, está generando muchas opiniones en las que siempre subyace la necesidad de decidir cómo interpretar el pasado e, incluso, en muchas ocasiones cómo modificarlo. Los historiadores llevan toda la vida dedicados a lo primero, desde varias perspectivas, pero nadie ha conseguido lo segundo, aunque no son pocos los que lo vienen intentando al modificar a su antojo la información que aportan los primeros. Hoy convivimos con las «falsas noticias» con la misma naturalidad con que los antiguos egipcios lo hacían cada vez que un nuevo faraón suplantaba a su predecesor mandando grabar su nombre en sustitución de anterior en todo tipo de representaciones.…  Seguir leyendo »

Colombia tiene una alternativa para la guerra contra las drogas

Cuando el primer gobierno de izquierda de Colombia llegó al poder en agosto de 2022, muchos esperaban que la estrategia del país contra las drogas cambiaría drásticamente. El presidente Gustavo Petro hizo campaña en base a la promesa de abandonar la política de erradicación de la coca, el principal ingrediente de la cocaína, y en un discurso ante la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, poco después de asumir, instó a los países latinoamericanos a aunar fuerzas contra la “guerra irracional contra las drogas”.

Según el último informe de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, el mundo está experimentando un alza prolongada de la oferta y demanda de cocaína; se calcula que hay 22 millones de consumidores a nivel global.…  Seguir leyendo »

A demonstration against the government of Colombian President Gustavo Petro in Bogota on Oct. 2. Abaca Press Long Visual Press/Abaca/Sipa USA

On Oct. 29, Colombia’s first elected left-wing president, Gustavo Petro, is facing local elections that will bluntly reveal the public mood. The vote for offices like mayors and governors will take the pulse on the country’s armed conflicts — and the government’s promise to end them, seeking “total peace” through negotiations.

Bogotá has made real progress sitting down with armed groups. But the election might show that those achievements have yet to be felt on the ground. As one Atlantic coast neighborhood leader told me, “Peace is more of a dream for now — especially during election season”.

It’s not only the voting results but also the level of armed group interference in the campaign that we should watch for.…  Seguir leyendo »

Treinta años hablando de Pablo Escobar

En pocas semanas se cumplirán 30 años desde que Pablo Escobar, el narcotraficante más (tristemente) célebre de la historia, murió abaleado en los tejados de Medellín. Se había escapado 16 meses atrás de la cárcel La Catedral, construida según sus exigencias para que aceptara someterse a la justicia, y no era la única de las ironías el hecho de que se hubiera pasado los últimos años tratando de someter al país. Durante los 16 meses de su vida clandestina, mientras vivió escondido y hostigado por las fuerzas del Gobierno, las fuerzas de la DEA y los carteles enemigos, Escobar desató sobre la sociedad civil de mi país una campaña de terrorismo desesperado que marcó nuestras vidas, las vidas de mi generación, como nada más lo ha hecho.…  Seguir leyendo »

President’s Take: Hot Spots Near and Far

The year 2023 has seen peace and security challenges both far from the EU’s borders and closer to home. The latter, especially, have heightened in recent weeks and months, which have seen fighting in the South Caucasus and Kosovo, even as a second year of war in Ukraine stretches on. While the three crises are very different in nature, all suggest a worrying inclination on the part of some governments to seek solutions to disputes through force of arms. Insofar as this jarring trend involves a proliferation of new wars, large and small, it flies in the face of the decades of energy that the EU has invested in turning the page on past conflagrations in Europe and its neighbourhood.…  Seguir leyendo »

Demonstrators protest against Colombian President Gustavo Petro's reforms in the health, retirement, employment and prison sectors, in Bogota, Colombia, on August 16. Luisa Gonzalez/Reuters

A few years ago, the international district where I live was a creative hub of harmonious chaos. Music throbbed from every street corner. The Colombian capital’s sophistication was evident from its magisterial libraries to its abundant museums. The sparkling streets were regularly washed clean.

Today, graffiti dims the beauty of Bogota’s colonial baroque architecture. Young people congregate on trash-covered streets. Signs held by protesters express indignation and determination to fight for Colombia’s democracy, one of the longest-standing in Latin America. Increasing violence conjures memories of Colombia’s conflict-ridden past.

A little over one year after Colombia elected its first leftist president — Gustavo Petro — the former rebel and longtime senator’s pledge to transform one of Latin America’s most unequal countries is failing.…  Seguir leyendo »

Gustavo Petro, tras su victoria electoral en agosto de 2022. Luisa González Reuters

"Venezuela es como un cuero seco: lo pisas por un lado y se levanta por otro", dijo Antonio Guzmán Blanco, presidente venezolano en el siglo XIX. Pero es que Venezuela es sólo un pedazo de ese enorme cuero seco que es Latinoamérica.

Políticamente hablando, uno de los pedazos del cuero seco que menos se levanta es Colombia. Políticamente hablando, repetimos. Tiene más de medio siglo inmersa en una suerte de guerra civil contra guerrilleros y demás grupos paramilitares, conflicto financiado, en buena parte, por el narcotráfico. Sin embargo, los presidentes siempre terminan sus mandatos. Eso, en Latinoamérica, no es poca cosa.…  Seguir leyendo »

Los esquipos de rescate ucranios trabajan en el restaurante atacado por Rusia en Kramatorsk.National Police of Ukraine (Associated Press/LaPresse)

La noche del martes pasado, tres colombianos comían en Kramatorsk, Ucrania. La periodista Catalina Gómez, el escritor Héctor Abad y el gestor de paz Sergio Jaramillo, se encontraban con la escritora ucrania Victoria Melina cuando dos misiles rusos estallaron en el restaurante donde acababan de pagar la cuenta.

La foto del autor de El olvido que seremos con su ropa manchada de sangre apareció en numerosos medios a ambos lados del Atlántico. Como era de esperarse, lo sucedido generó múltiples expresiones de solidaridad.

Sin embargo, en Colombia también suscitó la ira de algunos comentaristas con miles de seguidores que consideraron el episodio como una “farsa”, un “grotesco espectáculo del narcisismo”, por parte de quienes “nada tenían que haber ido a hacer allá”.…  Seguir leyendo »

Los niños rescatados son trasladados, el 9 de junio de 2023, en avión hacía Bogotá (Colombia). EFE

Los diarios internacionales han recogido la feliz noticia de los niños colombianos que fueron rescatados tras cuarenta días sobreviviendo en la selva del Amazonas. Sin duda, la hazaña de los niños es admirable. Pero sobre todo y en especial el papel de la hermana mayor, que ha mantenido vivos a sus hermanos, entre ellos una bebé.

Indígenas colombianos hacen un ritual durante la rueda de prensa de Luis Acosta, coordinador de la guardia indígena. EFE

El trabajo mancomunado de la guardia indígena y el ejército colombiano también ha sido encomiable. De hecho, un ejemplo para un país que tiene que reconstruir las relaciones entre sociedad civil, fuerzas armadas e institucionalidad si quiere conseguir algún día la tan ansiada paz.…  Seguir leyendo »

La visita del presidente de Colombia a España ha sido insólita y ha terminado de forma abrupta con el plantón de Petro a los empresarios españoles, al parecer, por una indisposición médica. Como insólita ha sido la calurosa bienvenida en sede parlamentaria de Meritxell Batet, que hacía votos para que Colombia «alcance por fin la paz, con un logro efectivo». Petro no es el primer presidente de izquierdas de Colombia porque ya lo fueron César Gaviria o Ernesto Samper, pero sí el más dispuesto a atacar a España y achacar los males de su país al «yugo español y al régimen de producción esclavista».…  Seguir leyendo »