República Democrática del Congo

Capitalismo global y guerra perpetua

Si nos ponemos a buscar la figura que mejor represente las peores tendencias de nuestra era brutal, nos vendrán a la mente ante todo nombres como Yahya Sinwar (líder de Hamás en Gaza), Binyamin Netanyahu, Kim Jong‑un o Vladímir Putin. Pero eso se debe, más que nada, a que estamos todo el tiempo bombardeados con noticias sobre estos líderes. Si ampliamos la mirada, para tener en cuenta los horrores que en general los principales medios occidentales pasan por alto, sobresalen aún más los participantes de la guerra civil en Sudán. Estos nuevos caudillos guerreros muestran un grado impactante de crueldad e indiferencia hacia su propio pueblo (o hacia los habitantes de las regiones que controlan), con actos como poner obstáculos sistemáticos al flujo de ayuda humanitaria y quedarse para sí mismos con una parte exorbitante de esa ayuda.…  Seguir leyendo »

Internally displaced people walking in Kibati, Democratic Republic of the Congo, July 2024. Arlette Bashizi / Reuters

Last year, the conflict in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo turned 30. It is a grim milestone, and one that received almost no global attention. The silence isn’t a surprise. Since its inception, the war in Congo has excelled at evading international recognition. Few people noticed when the M23 Movement, the region’s biggest militia, rounded up and executed 171 civilians, in November 2022. The world was quiet when Doctors Without Borders declared that they had treated 25,000 survivors of sexual violence in Congo last year. Almost no one outside Africa remembers that, in June, an armed Islamist group massacred 41 people in Congo’s northeast.…  Seguir leyendo »

Cómo poner fin a la interminable guerra del Congo

La violencia ha vuelto a crecer vertiginosamente en la volátil región de los Grandes Lagos de África, a 30 años —este mes— del genocidio de Ruanda, donde murieron 800 000 personas y 2 millones más se vieron obligadas a desplazarse —los refugiados huyeron hacia la zona occidental de la República Democrática del Congo (RDC), que se convirtió en el epicentro de un conflicto cuya solución resulta cada vez más difícil, lo que algunos ahora llaman la «guerra africana de los 30 años»—.

Desde el derrocamiento del dictador cleptocrático Mobutu Sese Seko en 1997, los sucesivos gobiernos de la RDC han sido incapaces de garantizar la seguridad fronteriza y gobernar grandes áreas al este del país, donde aproximadamente 6 millones de personas fueron asesinadas y otros 7 millones se vieron obligadas a desplazarse a otros sitios de la República.…  Seguir leyendo »

Una visión general de los mineros que trabajan en la mina de cobalto de Shabara, cerca de Kolwezi (República Democrática del Congo), el 12 de octubre de 2022.JUNIOR KANNAH (AFP / Getty Images)

En la República Democrática del Congo (RDC) se está produciendo un auténtico delirio, una carrera desenfrenada para extraer la mayor cantidad de cobalto lo más rápido posible. Este raro metal azulado es un componente esencial de casi todas las baterías recargables de iones de litio que se fabrican hoy en día. También se utiliza en una amplia gama de las recientes innovaciones con bajas emisiones de carbono, fundamentales para alcanzar los objetivos de sostenibilidad climática. La región de Katanga, en el extremo sudoriental del Congo, posee más reservas de cobalto que el resto del planeta junto. Además, también abundan otros metales valiosos como cobre, hierro, zinc, estaño, níquel, manganeso, germanio, tantalio, wolframio, uranio, oro, plata y litio.…  Seguir leyendo »

Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi casting his ballot, Kinshasa, Congo, December 2023. Zohra Bensemra / Reuters

On December 20, 2023, voters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo headed to the polls for the fourth time since the end of the civil wars that ravaged the country between 1996 and 2003. Both Congo’s democracy and its sitting president, Félix Tshisekedi, faced a test: when Tshisekedi took the reins after the 2018 election, it marked the first time in the country’s democratic history that an incumbent had ceded power to an opposition party’s candidate relatively peacefully. But independent tallies suggested that Tshisekedi had not in fact received the most votes, and his legitimacy was in doubt from the moment he was sworn in.…  Seguir leyendo »

President Félix Tshisekedi and his wife, Denise Nyakero, greeting supporters after he was declared the winner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s presidential election, Kinshasa, December 31, 2023. Arsene Mpiana/AFP/Getty Images

On December 23, three days after the presidential election in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), I received a call from Moïse Katumbi Chapwe, the highest-polling opposition candidate. “There has been massive fraud”, he told me. “They stole the vote”.

It was hard to disagree. The results were not out yet, but observers from across the country reported that voters were intimidated, polling stations attacked, and, perhaps most tellingly, voting machines installed in private houses and fed ballots marked with the name of the incumbent president, Félix-Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo. Videos circulated online showing soldiers firing at voters, polling stations ransacked, and a woman stripped of her clothes and beaten because she voted for Katumbi.…  Seguir leyendo »

Supporters of Felix Tshisekedi celebrate following the announcement of election results in Kinshasa, on December 31, 2023. (Photo by Arsene MPIANA / AFP via Getty images)

Provisional results have been announced for the 2023 elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), indicating victory for incumbent Felix Tshisekedi. He sits on 73 per cent of the vote with 85 per cent of votes tallied.

His closest challenger, Moise Katumbi, is on 18 per cent. Barring a successful legal challenge, Tshisekedi’s second mandate will be confirmed when the final results are released in mid-January, making him president until 2028.

A Tshisekedi victory was widely predicted – he had the backing of some of the DRC’s political heavyweights, bringing votes from many corners of the country’s fractured electoral mosaic, and faced a divided opposition that proved unable to unite behind a single candidate.…  Seguir leyendo »

President Félix Tshisekedi greets crowds before the Democratic Republic of Congo’s election this month © Gosette Lubondo/FT

The sultry western province of Kongo Central is loaded with Congolese history. It contains the seaports at the mouth of the Congo river from which Belgian colonisers siphoned off the exploited riches of the country and it was where Joseph Kasavubu, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s first president post-independence, was born and died.So it was no surprise when President Félix Tshisekedi, on the campaign trail late last month seeking a second term in office, chose this symbolic place to emphasise his Congolité, or Congoleseness. Do not, he warned, be fooled by the “candidat de l’étranger” — the foreign candidate.It was a thinly veiled attack against his main challenger in the December 20 vote, Moïse Katumbi, whom he claims has links to Congo’s bogeyman, the president of Rwanda, Paul Kagame.…  Seguir leyendo »

M23 rebels near Rumangabo military base, Congo, January 2023. Guerchom Ndebo / AFP / Reuters

The speech was vintage Paul Kagame. Addressing a group of foreign ambassadors in Kigali in February 2023, the Rwandan president complained bitterly of being hounded about his country’s involvement in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo, where he stands accused of backing a rebel group that is rapidly gobbling up land and whose members are mostly ethnic Tutsis, like Kagame.

Instead of acknowledging Rwanda’s support for the M23 Movement—named after a March 23, 2009, peace accord its fighters say the Congolese government violated—Kagame reminded his audience about another rebel group operating in eastern Congo, this one led by those responsible for Rwanda’s 1994 genocide.…  Seguir leyendo »

In a street of Beni, DRC, a woman walks past a wall on which a graffiti reads “Monusco Dégage”, calling for the UN mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) to “go away”. December 2021. CRISIS GROUP / Nicolas Delaunay

M23, a previously dormant rebel group, which UN reports suggest is backed by Rwanda, is wreaking havoc in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Fighting has driven tens of thousands of people from their homes and could spiral into a wider regional proxy war.

M23 holds several towns and surrounds the provincial capital of Goma. In 2013, the group was beaten back by a ramped-up UN force but now appears well-armed and organised. It includes ex-Congolese soldiers, many of whom are Tutsis, an ethnic group spread across Africa’s Great Lakes, and profess to champion communal interests.

M23’s sudden re-emergence owes as much to tensions among Great Lakes states as it does to local dynamics.…  Seguir leyendo »

Supporting Dialogue and Demobilisation in the DR Congo

Rising violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has the Great Lakes region on edge. In this excerpt from the Watch List 2022 – Autumn Update, Crisis Group explains what the EU and its member states can do to help bring stability to the area.

The eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is experiencing an alarming uptick of violence. Fighting between the Congolese military and the March 23 Movement (M23), which resurfaced in November 2021 after suffering defeat in 2013, has surged. So, too, have attacks on civilians and camps for internally displaced people by other armed groups. The bloodshed has the entire Great Lakes region on edge and is creating friction beyond the DRC’s borders.…  Seguir leyendo »

Giant ferns in a rainforest of the Democratic Republic of Congo. DeAgostini/Getty Images

A vast rainforest stretches for 1,500 miles across central Africa. The mighty Congo River and its tributaries are the main highways into this hard-to-reach region.

This land of towering trees is home to forest elephants, bonobos and millions of people; it helps regulate our climate and slows climate change by removing 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year.

The government of the Democratic Republic of Congo speculates that up to 16 billion barrels of oil may lie under the rainforest. In addition to accelerating the climate crisis, oil exploration here would be a pollution disaster for communities that depend on it and for wildlife.…  Seguir leyendo »

Congolese soldiers enter the town of Mutwanga, partly deserted after recent armed attacks, in northeastern Congo on May 23. (Alexis Huguet/AFP/Getty Images)

Beni, a city in eastern Congo, is experiencing a wave of violence. Bomb attacks in late June killed one and injured two others. On June 28, Beni’s mayor closed all schools and markets, banned public gatherings and established a curfew. These moves couldn’t prevent a July 1 attack, which left nine civilians dead.

Congo’s government attributed the attacks to the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), a rebel group active in eastern Congo since 1995. Some analysts see the ADF as the deadliest of the roughly 130 armed groups now operating in the region. Since 2019 there have been increasing reports of links between the ADF and the Islamic State, which seeks to establish a global Islamist militant movement, along with an Islamic caliphate in Iraq and Syria.…  Seguir leyendo »

Congolese troops are seen in Sake, 15 miles northwest of Goma, as residents displaced by the eruption of the Mount Nyiragongo volcano wait for government aid on May 29. (Guerchom Ndebo/AFP/Getty Images)

New violence that left 50 dead — and tens of thousands of people fleeing the vicinity of Mount Nyiragongo after a volcano erupted in late May — prompted the Congolese government to extend a temporary “state of siege” in the eastern provinces of Ituri and North Kivu.

Before the volcanic eruption, youth activists in eastern Congo protested to demand the departure of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission (MONUSCO), claiming that the U.N. peacekeeping mission was not protecting civilians from armed groups. The protests came on the heels of reports of a deteriorating security situation in the country’s east and the ambush killing of the Italian ambassador to Congo in February.…  Seguir leyendo »

DR Congo MPs celebrate on 10 December 2020, as legislators remove the Assembly's speaker, in the latest round of a bitter dispute between the current President and supporters of his predecessor. Arsene Mpiana / AFP

Dans quel contexte politique s’inscrit ce gouvernement ?

L'investiture le 26 avril du premier gouvernement de l'« Union sacrée », la nouvelle majorité parlementaire du président Félix Tshisekedi, met fin à la période prolongée de domination du système politique par son prédécesseur Joseph Kabila. Suite à la nomination le 12 avril de la nouvelle équipe gouvernementale dirigée par le Premier ministre Sama Lukonde, celui-ci a obtenu le vote de confiance d’une large majorité des députés – 410 votes favorables sur 412 députés présents – malgré les tensions survenues autour de la répartition des postes ministériels. Avec l’investiture de ce gouvernement, Tshisekedi a désormais les coudées plus franches pour mettre en œuvre ses réformes pour le reste de son quinquennat.…  Seguir leyendo »

Patrice Lumumba, Premier ministre du Congo, assassiné le 17 janvier 1961 au Katanga en sécession. © BELGAIMAGE

Le 17 janvier 1961, au début de la nuit, l’ancien Premier ministre Lumumba et ses deux compagnons, Maurice Mpolo et Joseph Okito, sont exécutés par un peloton de la gendarmerie-armée katangaise commandé par un officier mercenaire belge, en présence de plusieurs ministres du Katanga en sécession.

Patrice Lumumba, devenu Premier ministre du Congo le jour de l’indépendance, le 30 juin 1960, l’a été pendant 67 jours seulement, avant d’être révoqué en septembre, puis assigné à résidence, arrêté ensuite, et transféré enfin au Katanga, pour y trouver la mort le soir même.

Soixante ans plus tard, grâce surtout au minutieux travail de la commission d’enquête de la Chambre des représentants belge et de ses experts, une part de lumière peut éclairer et permettre de mieux comprendre ces événements tragiques, leur enchaînement et les responsabilités tant au Congo qu’à l’étranger, y compris celles, irréfutables, de responsables belges.…  Seguir leyendo »

A man looks inside an overturned truck in the middle of National Road 27 in Ituri province in northeastern Congo on Sept. 16. On this road, vehicles travel in convoys escorted by police and soldiers because of recurring attacks by armed militias. (Alexis Huguet/AFP/Getty Images)

Since the start of 2019, more than 1,000 civilians have been killed in and around eastern Congo’s Beni region. These atrocities — which U.N. monitors have said may be war crimes — are the latest in periodic waves of massacres in the area since late 2014.

This violence followed the start of a large-scale Congolese army offensive against the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamist rebel group originally from Uganda that has been active in Congo since 1995. As the Congolese army overran rebel camps and killed and captured dozens of combatants late last year, attacks on civilians rose in nearby areas.…  Seguir leyendo »

Assis à la Table ronde, certains Belges s’inquiètent pour l’avenir et la sécurité des biens et des personnes restées au Congo. © Tous droits réservés

Ce samedi 20 février 1960, au Palais des Congrès, à Bruxelles, c’est l’ambiance des grands jours, avec sourires et soulagement : la Table ronde se termine sur un accord complet entre les délégués belges et congolais. À la fin d’un mois de travaux, les Congolais ont gagné sur quasi toute la ligne : l’indépendance aura lieu le 30 juin, et ce sera une indépendance totale. Mais restent beaucoup d’incertitudes et d’inquiétudes, et les structures du futur Congo constituent d’elles-mêmes des risques majeurs d’instabilité.

Il reste quatre mois et quelques jours pour organiser les élections, mettre en place le Parlement et le gouvernement, et désigner un chef de l’État.…  Seguir leyendo »

Patrice Lumumba bandages aux poignets

Patrice Lumumba à la Table ronde, bandages aux poignets

Mémoires noires d’une indépendance (RTBF Radio - juin 2000) : Indépendance cha-cha. La table ronde. Janvier 60 Janvier 60, c'est la Table ronde à Bruxelles. La grande négociation entre Congolais et Belges qui fixe la date de l'indépendance et les contours du nouveau Congo. Cette table ronde a été rythmée par la chanson "Indépendance Cha-cha" de l'African Jazz avec le grand chef Kabasele. Un reportage de François Ryckmans et Éric Dagostino, réalisé en 2000, sur la base d'une idée originale de Jean-François Bastin et d’Isabelle Christiaens, qui y ont consacré un film la même année.…  Seguir leyendo »
Table des délégués Congolais

Premier épisode : Le 20 janvier 1960, coup de théâtre à l’ouverture de la Table ronde : les Congolais font « front commun » Journal de l'indépendance : janvier 1960 - La table ronde
Fin novembre 1959, le ministre du Congo et du Ruanda Urundi annonce la réunion d’une Table ronde politique, à Bruxelles. Il s’agira de négocier les contours de l’indépendance et la transition. Les représentants du gouvernement et du parlement belge se retrouveront devant des délégués congolais représentatifs, sans précisions. La Table ronde s’ouvre le 20 janvier 1960. Les Belges s’attendent à piloter la négociation, mais non, les Congolais forment un front commun, et imposent leur dynamique.…  Seguir leyendo »