Individuals make history. If the last leader of the Soviet Union had not been Mikhail Gorbachev, the world would be a different place. So the character and views of China's leader-designate, Xi Jinping, who is visiting the United States, do matter. After spending several years failing to answer the question "Who's Hu?" we must now ask "Who's Xi?"
The best thumbnail summary that I have read comes in a forthcoming book by Jonathan Fenby called "Tiger Head, Snake Tails." (The title refers to modern China, not Xi.) As you would expect, the available evidence is thin and inconclusive. The fact that Xi suffered personally in the Cultural Revolution ("I ate a lot more bitterness than most people"), the reformist communist sympathies of his father, his evident pragmatism, that he has a sister in Canada, a brother in Hong Kong and a daughter studying at Harvard, all suggests someone who might push forward essential political reforms at home and be equipped with a better understanding of the West. However, the fact that he has risen to the top by carefully staying on the right side of all the main groups in the communist establishment, his close ties to the People's Liberation Army, his remarkable outburst in Mexico in 2009 denouncing "some foreigners with full bellies and nothing better to do than engage in pointing fingers at us," point to a potentially colder wind from the East.
Every little phrase and gesture in his current American trip is being pored over with neo-Kremlinological zeal, to identify him as either great reformer or hard-nosed realist. Or, inevitably, "enigmatic." As with Gorbachev, Western leaders may get hints of the personality now, but we won't really know until he's firmly in the saddle.
Individuals make history, but they do not make it just as they please. Even when he becomes president, in spring 2013, Xi will face multiple constraints. China now seems to have a genuinely collective party leadership. There are enormous economic and social tensions that have to be managed — the internal debt problem, the rural-urban divide, the difficulty of moving beyond an overwhelmingly export-led model of growth. There are the unresolved problems of Xinjiang and of Tibet.
Increasingly, there is the voice of public opinion, from street protests to microblogging sites such as Sina Weibo. That voice is often fiercely critical of official corruption and mismanagement, but it can also be very nationalist. There are now all the makings of a classic great power rivalry between China and the United States, expressed most directly through a military buildup in the Pacific region.
So how should the West engage with China, and vice versa? This month, I saw two textbook examples of how not to do it — and one of how we should. At the Munich Security Conference, Zhang Zhijun, China's vice minister of foreign affairs, woodenly waffled on about how "the people of Asia" had chosen a different path from the West, and how the West should simply leave China to go its own way. Oh, and by the way, there was no problem at all in the South China Sea, where everyone enjoys free navigation.
Sitting next to him, U.S. Sen. John McCainlaunched into a ballistic attack. It is a matter of concern, he said, when a Vietnamese ship has its cables cut by a Chinese vessel. The Vietnamese remember 2,000 years of Chinese domination. People are immolating themselves in Tibet. The Arab Spring represents universal aspirations and "the Arab Spring is coming to China." Part of me felt there was something magnificent about this — like John Wayne in the film "True Grit" charging alone at four armed bandits. But McCain's charge, like Wayne's, was so obviously done for the cameras and the audience back home.
Then there was Kevin Rudd, Australia'sforeign minister and a Mandarin speaker, who spoke pungently. People in Europe haven't fully woken up to what is happening, he said. China will have the world's largest economy within this decade. For the first time in 200 years, the world's largest economy will be a non-democracy; for the first time in 500 years, it will be a non-Western country.
Moreover, according to what Rudd called "credible" analysis, China's total military expenditure is likely to exceed that of the U.S. by about 2025. This in a region filled with every kind of strategic challenge, including the divided Korean peninsula, the disputed Taiwan Strait and the standoff between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan. U.S. hegemony can no longer be relied on to keep the peace. To craft a new Pax Pacifica is therefore the great strategic challenge of our time.
Rudd calmly sketched both the huge growth in individual freedom and prosperity in China over the last 30 years, and the distance still to go before China can be described as a well-governed country under the rule of law. Implicitly rejecting the positions taken by both McCain and Zhang, he said, "We need to shape global values together."
That seems exactly right. The U.S. and China must be prepared to get into a conversation about the international order. Each country must remain true to its own values but work to see where there is common ground — and where adjustment, compromise or simply agreeing to disagree are viable. This may fail, but it would be criminal folly not to attempt it.
So Xi and President Obama should plan a joint summer retreat on the coast of Australia, guided by Rudd. Full-blown, beer-chugging mateship between the Chinese and Americans may be too much to expect, but it is essential for them to open a frank, strategic conversation about global values and the foundations of international order.
Timothy Garton Ash, a contributing editor to Opinion, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and professor of European studies at Oxford University. His most recent book is Facts Are Subversive: Political Writing from a Decade Without a Name.