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Eva Erben termina de hablar ante alumnos en un instituto de Múnich sobre cómo sobrevivió a un campo de exterminio nazi cuando era niña. Se toca uno de sus pendientes de perla, se recoloca el pañuelo, los ojos verdes brillantes, las manos arqueadas por la artritis, y camina hacia la salida bajo un halo de admiración, pero también de preocupación y fragilidad. La memoria viva del Holocausto se extingue y Alemania cuestiona su cultura de la memoria.

Este país lleva décadas trabajando la culpa y la responsabilidad del Holocausto y, sin embargo, el conflicto de Gaza ha mostrado grietas en lo que parecía un sólido iceberg de historia.…  Seguir leyendo »

The "Herero stone" at Columbiadamm cemetery honours the German soldiers who took part in the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in Namibia. © Anne van Mourik, July 2023.

In the garrison cemetery on Columbiadamm in Berlin's Neukölln district, there is a four-foot-tall stone which commemorates seven German soldiers who volunteered for the “campaign in South West Africa” between January 1904 and March 1907 and “died a hero’s death”. In other words: this monument does not commemorate victims, but perpetrators of genocide.

The stone, popularly known as the “Herero Stone”, dates from 1907 and refers to a short but important period within the German colonial rule of what is now Namibia (1884-1915). German colonial policy was characterized by land and cattle theft, racism, mistreatment and exploitation. Resistance of indigenous Herero and Nama was ruthlessly crushed.…  Seguir leyendo »

Irmgard Furchner, 97, appears in court for the verdict in her trial on Dec. 20 in Itzehoe, Germany. (Christian Charisius/AP)

This month, a German court convicted Irmgard Furchner as an accessory to the murder of 10,505 people. From 1943 to 1945, Furchner served as the secretary to the commandant of Stutthof, an SS concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. Bizarrely, because the 97-year-old defendant had begun her secretarial duties at 18, she was tried in juvenile court. Partly for this reason, the court gave a lenient sentence of two years, suspended. Furchner might be the last person convicted of taking part in the Nazis’ annihilation of 6 million European Jews.

The legal reckoning with the Holocaust began early, even before the war ended, with the Soviet trials of perpetrators of mass murder in Krasnodar and Kharkov in 1943.…  Seguir leyendo »

Angela Merkel con Morawiecki en su primera visita al campo de concentración de Auschwitz, en 2019. Reuters

Hay crímenes que ni se perdonan, ni se olvidan por completo. El paso del tiempo no exime al perpetrador de la obligación de indemnizar a la víctima, a pesar de la dificultad de calcular los costes de los crímenes.

Tengo la sensación de que no todos los ciudadanos de los países de Europa Occidental comprenden bien la escala del drama que la Segunda Guerra Mundial representó para Polonia. Desde la perspectiva del oeste, puede que el conflicto se vea, en esencia, como una serie de batallas, movimientos militares y decisiones políticas.

Pero para nosotros es, ante todo, una larga retahíla de crímenes, atrocidades y oportunidades de desarrollo perdidas.…  Seguir leyendo »

Germany Apologized for a Genocide. It’s Nowhere Near Enough.

More than a century ago, Germany carried out a systematic massacre. From 1904 to 1908, in what is now Namibia, the German colonial government killed about 80,000 Herero and Nama people.

In May, 113 years later, Germany at last acknowledged this massacre as genocidal. “In light of Germany’s historical and moral responsibility,” said Germany’s foreign minister, Heiko Maas, “we will ask Namibia and the descendants of the victims for forgiveness.” With this request for forgiveness came a “gesture” of $1.35 billion, to be spent on reconstruction and development projects, health care and training programs over 30 years.

The Namibian government accepted.…  Seguir leyendo »

Namibian schoolgirls walk by a memorial to the victims of the genocide committed by German forces against Herero and Nama people in Windhoek, Namibia, in June 2017. (Gianluigi Guercia/AFP/Getty Images)

In late May, more than 100 years after German colonial forces killed tens of thousands of the Herero and Nama peoples in what is today Namibia, the German government formally acknowledged the atrocities as genocide.

German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas declared that, owing to Germany’s “historical and moral responsibility,” the country asks “Namibia and the descendants of the victims for forgiveness.” In addition, Germany will contribute more than $1 billion in aid for development projects in Namibia over the next 30 years. All of this will be finalized in a bilateral agreement.

Why the major step toward reconciliation? My research details the decades-long silence in Germany about the atrocities and the slow and incomplete process of reconciliation since the early 2000s.…  Seguir leyendo »

Survivors of Namibia’s Herero tribe surrendering after a battle with German forces. Ullstein Bilderdienst Berlin/Supplied

Representatives of the communities directly affected by the 1904-1908 genocide in Namibia have taken the German government to court in New York. The plaintiffs are suing Germany for damages to be paid directly to the descendants of the Ovaherero and Nama genocide survivors.

In 1904 and 1905 the Ovaherero and Nama of central and southern Namibia rose up against colonial rule and dispossession in what was then called German South West Africa. The revolt was brutally crushed. By 1908 80% of the Ovaherero and 50% of the Nama had died of starvation and thirst, overwork and exposure to harsh climates. The army drove survivors into the waterless Omaheke desert.…  Seguir leyendo »

An exhibition ‘Namibia-Germany: a divided history’, at the German Historical Museum in Berlin examines the history of reconciliation with the former Africa colony. Photograph: -/AFP/Getty Images

One morning last summer, I was ushered into a little office in the Botswana National Archives. I’d asked the archivists to dig out a document that I had wanted to see for 20 years. After a couple of phone calls, the file was brought in. Near the top of a stack of yellowing papers was a signed, original copy of the Vernichtungsbefehl – the extermination order.

Drafted in 1904, it is an explicit command for the extermination of an entire people. It bore the signature of its author, the German general Lothar von Trotha, and was addressed to the Herero people of Namibia, Botswana’s neighbour to the west, and formerly the German colony of South West Africa.…  Seguir leyendo »

Le 2 juin 2016, les députés du Bundestag ont adopté, à main levée et à la quasi-unanimité (une abstention, une voix contre), une résolution portant sur « la commémoration du génocide des Arméniens et d’autres minorités chrétiennes dans les années 1915-1916 ». Cette résolution, proposée par le député d’origine turque Cem Ozdemir, coprésident des Verts, aurait dû être débattue en février. Sous la pression de l’Union chrétienne démocrate (CDU) et du Parti social-démocrate (SPD), la discussion fut reportée en juin, ces deux partis ayant assuré aux Verts qu’ils l’approuveraient alors. Ni la chancelière allemande, ni son ministre des affaires étrangères, ni le vice-chancelier (président du SPD) n’ont participé au vote.…  Seguir leyendo »

Membres de la communauté arménienne, le 24 avril 2014, à Jérusalem. Photo : GALI TIBBON.AFP

En adoptant le 2 juin 2016 une résolution par laquelle elle reconnait le génocide arménien de 1915, l’Allemagne s’est rangée aux côtés de celles et ceux de ses homologues, dont la France, qui ont fait le choix de s’incliner devant la mémoire des Arméniens victimes du premier génocide du XXème siècle et de réhabiliter cette page sombre et occultée de l’Histoire de l’Humanité. Il s’agit, avant tout, d’un geste de paix, d’un geste de réconciliation et d’un geste d’espoir : la reconnaissance est la première des réparations, c’est celle qui détermine et conditionne l’existence, ô combien légitime, de toutes les autres.…  Seguir leyendo »

I am the only one of 105 family members to survive the hell of Auschwitz-Birkenau and other death camps. Therefore, I read the Aug. 9 article Growing bond between Germans, Jews highlighted in South Florida, with mixed feelings. Post-war Germany has engaged in vital diplomatic relations and provided support for the state of Israel, outlawed anti-Semitism and Neo-Nazi activities and provided modest pensions for some (but not all) Holocaust survivors.

These efforts deserve credit.

However, Germany’s obligations to the remaining survivors of the Holocaust remain painfully unfulfilled. Today, half of all Holocaust survivors in the world, including in the United States, live in or near poverty.…  Seguir leyendo »

Why Old Nazis Are Still Useful

The trial of Oskar Gröning, the 93-year-old “accountant of Auschwitz,” began last week in the German city of Lüneburg. Mr. Gröning is charged with complicity in the murder of at least 300,000 people. At least once during the summer of 1944, according to his accusers, when thousands of Hungarian Jews arrived by cattle car at Auschwitz-Birkenau, he stood at the exit ramp, watching as the passengers were divided into those to be put into forced labor and those to be killed instantly.

The trial has gained widespread attention in Germany and around the world, and not only because Mr. Gröning expressed regret for his actions.…  Seguir leyendo »

The skulls of some of those who were slaughtered in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda are laid out in a glass case in a Catholic church in Nyamata, Rwanda. Credit Ben Curtis/Associated Press

I moved to Nairobi last year for a challenge and to try something new. I thought that reporting from all over East Africa would be nothing like my previous assignment covering Central Europe from Berlin and I was excited to leave behind the stolid German Finance Ministry and embark on bumpy jeep rides through lush jungles and desert dunes.

If I’m being honest, I also needed to get away from Germany for a while. More to the point, I needed a little distance from the Holocaust.

For half a decade I had been working on a book about a concentration-camp doctor who evaded justice by fleeing to Cairo.…  Seguir leyendo »